Just some dead code.
Signed-off-by: Andi Kleen <ak@linux.intel.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Jens Axboe <jaxboe@fusionio.com>
Allocating a fixed payload for discard requests always was a horrible hack,
and it's not coming to byte us when adding support for discard in DM/MD.
So change the code to leave the allocation of a payload to the lowlevel
driver. Unfortunately that means we'll need another hack, which allows
us to update the various block layer length fields indicating that we
have a payload. Instead of hiding this in sd.c, which we already partially
do for UNMAP support add a documented helper in the core block layer for it.
Signed-off-by: Christoph Hellwig <hch@lst.de>
Acked-by: Mike Snitzer <snitzer@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Jens Axboe <jaxboe@fusionio.com>
Remove the current bio flags and reuse the request flags for the bio, too.
This allows to more easily trace the type of I/O from the filesystem
down to the block driver. There were two flags in the bio that were
missing in the requests: BIO_RW_UNPLUG and BIO_RW_AHEAD. Also I've
renamed two request flags that had a superflous RW in them.
Note that the flags are in bio.h despite having the REQ_ name - as
blkdev.h includes bio.h that is the only way to go for now.
Signed-off-by: Christoph Hellwig <hch@lst.de>
Signed-off-by: Jens Axboe <jaxboe@fusionio.com>
Remove all the trivial wrappers for the cmd_type and cmd_flags fields in
struct requests. This allows much easier grepping for different request
types instead of unwinding through macros.
Signed-off-by: Christoph Hellwig <hch@lst.de>
Signed-off-by: Jens Axboe <jaxboe@fusionio.com>
There are two reasons for doing this:
- On SSD disks, the completion times aren't as random as they
are for rotational drives. So it's questionable whether they
should contribute to the random pool in the first place.
- Calling add_disk_randomness() has a lot of overhead.
This adds /sys/block/<dev>/queue/add_random that will allow you to
switch off on a per-device basis. The default setting is on, so there
should be no functional changes from this patch.
Signed-off-by: Jens Axboe <jaxboe@fusionio.com>
In submit_bio, we count vm events by check READ/WRITE.
But actually DISCARD_NOBARRIER also has the WRITE flag set.
It looks as if in blkdev_issue_discard, we also add a
page as the payload and the bio_has_data check isn't enough.
So add another check for discard bio.
Signed-off-by: Tao Ma <tao.ma@oracle.com>
Signed-off-by: Jens Axboe <jaxboe@fusionio.com>
e98ef89b has a typo, causing cfq_blkiocg_update_completion_stats()
to call itself instead of blkiocg_update_completion_stats().
Reported-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu>
Signed-off-by: Jens Axboe <jaxboe@fusionio.com>
Hi,
A user reported a kernel bug when running a particular program that did
the following:
created 32 threads
- each thread took a mutex, grabbed a global offset, added a buffer size
to that offset, released the lock
- read from the given offset in the file
- created a new thread to do the same
- exited
The result is that cfq's close cooperator logic would trigger, as the
threads were issuing I/O within the mean seek distance of one another.
This workload managed to routinely trigger a use after free bug when
walking the list of merge candidates for a particular cfqq
(cfqq->new_cfqq). The logic used for merging queues looks like this:
static void cfq_setup_merge(struct cfq_queue *cfqq, struct cfq_queue *new_cfqq)
{
int process_refs, new_process_refs;
struct cfq_queue *__cfqq;
/* Avoid a circular list and skip interim queue merges */
while ((__cfqq = new_cfqq->new_cfqq)) {
if (__cfqq == cfqq)
return;
new_cfqq = __cfqq;
}
process_refs = cfqq_process_refs(cfqq);
/*
* If the process for the cfqq has gone away, there is no
* sense in merging the queues.
*/
if (process_refs == 0)
return;
/*
* Merge in the direction of the lesser amount of work.
*/
new_process_refs = cfqq_process_refs(new_cfqq);
if (new_process_refs >= process_refs) {
cfqq->new_cfqq = new_cfqq;
atomic_add(process_refs, &new_cfqq->ref);
} else {
new_cfqq->new_cfqq = cfqq;
atomic_add(new_process_refs, &cfqq->ref);
}
}
When a merge candidate is found, we add the process references for the
queue with less references to the queue with more. The actual merging
of queues happens when a new request is issued for a given cfqq. In the
case of the test program, it only does a single pread call to read in
1MB, so the actual merge never happens.
Normally, this is fine, as when the queue exits, we simply drop the
references we took on the other cfqqs in the merge chain:
/*
* If this queue was scheduled to merge with another queue, be
* sure to drop the reference taken on that queue (and others in
* the merge chain). See cfq_setup_merge and cfq_merge_cfqqs.
*/
__cfqq = cfqq->new_cfqq;
while (__cfqq) {
if (__cfqq == cfqq) {
WARN(1, "cfqq->new_cfqq loop detected\n");
break;
}
next = __cfqq->new_cfqq;
cfq_put_queue(__cfqq);
__cfqq = next;
}
However, there is a hole in this logic. Consider the following (and
keep in mind that each I/O keeps a reference to the cfqq):
q1->new_cfqq = q2 // q2 now has 2 process references
q3->new_cfqq = q2 // q2 now has 3 process references
// the process associated with q2 exits
// q2 now has 2 process references
// queue 1 exits, drops its reference on q2
// q2 now has 1 process reference
// q3 exits, so has 0 process references, and hence drops its references
// to q2, which leaves q2 also with 0 process references
q4 comes along and wants to merge with q3
q3->new_cfqq still points at q2! We follow that link and end up at an
already freed cfqq.
So, the fix is to not follow a merge chain if the top-most queue does
not have a process reference, otherwise any queue in the chain could be
already freed. I also changed the logic to disallow merging with a
queue that does not have any process references. Previously, we did
this check for one of the merge candidates, but not the other. That
doesn't really make sense.
Without the attached patch, my system would BUG within a couple of
seconds of running the reproducer program. With the patch applied, my
system ran the program for over an hour without issues.
This addresses the following bugzilla:
https://bugzilla.kernel.org/show_bug.cgi?id=16217
Thanks a ton to Phil Carns for providing the bug report and an excellent
reproducer.
[ Note for stable: this applies to 2.6.32/33/34 ].
Signed-off-by: Jeff Moyer <jmoyer@redhat.com>
Reported-by: Phil Carns <carns@mcs.anl.gov>
Cc: stable@kernel.org
Signed-off-by: Jens Axboe <jaxboe@fusionio.com>
Filesystems assume that DISCARD_BARRIER are full barriers, so that they
don't have to track in-progress discard operation when submitting new I/O.
But currently we only treat them as elevator barriers, which don't
actually do the nessecary queue drains.
Also remove the unlikely around both the DISCARD and BARRIER requests -
the happen far too often for a static mispredict.
Signed-off-by: Christoph Hellwig <hch@lst.de>
Signed-off-by: Jens Axboe <jaxboe@fusionio.com>
blk_init_allocated_queue_node may fail and the caller _could_ retry.
Accommodate the unlikely event that blk_init_allocated_queue_node is
called on an already initialized (possibly partially) request_queue.
Signed-off-by: Mike Snitzer <snitzer@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Jens Axboe <jaxboe@fusionio.com>
On blk_init_allocated_queue_node failure, only free the request_queue if
it is wasn't previously allocated outside the block layer
(e.g. blk_init_queue_node was blk_init_allocated_queue_node caller).
This addresses an interface bug introduced by the following commit:
01effb0 block: allow initialization of previously allocated
request_queue
Otherwise the request_queue may be free'd out from underneath a caller
that is managing the request_queue directly (e.g. caller uses
blk_alloc_queue + blk_init_allocated_queue_node).
Signed-off-by: Mike Snitzer <snitzer@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Jens Axboe <jaxboe@fusionio.com>
Bio-based DM doesn't use an elevator (queue is !blk_queue_stackable()).
Longer-term DM will not allocate an elevator for bio-based DM. But even
then there will be small potential for an elevator to be allocated for
a request-based DM table only to have a bio-based table be loaded in the
end.
Displaying "none" for bio-based DM will help avoid user confusion.
Signed-off-by: Mike Snitzer <snitzer@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Jens Axboe <jens.axboe@oracle.com>
Use small consequent indexes as radix tree keys instead of sparse cfqd address.
This change will reduce radix tree depth from 11 (6 for 32-bit hosts)
to 1 if host have <=64 disks under cfq control, or to 0 if there only one disk.
So, this patch save 10*560 bytes for each process (5*296 for 32-bit hosts)
For each cfqd allocate cic index from ida.
To unlink dead cic from tree without cfqd access store index into ->key.
(bit 0 -- dead mark, bits 1..30 -- index: ida produce id in range 0..2^31-1)
Signed-off-by: Konstantin Khlebnikov <khlebnikov@openvz.org>
Signed-off-by: Jens Axboe <jens.axboe@oracle.com>
Remove ->dead_key field from cfq_io_context to shrink its size to 128 bytes.
(64 bytes for 32-bit hosts)
Use lower bit in ->key as dead-mark, instead of moving key to separate field.
After this for dead cfq_io_context we got cic->key != cfqd automatically.
Thus, io_context's last-hit cache should work without changing.
Now to check ->key for non-dead state compare it with cfqd,
instead of checking ->key for non-null value as it was before.
Plus remove obsolete race protection in cfq_cic_lookup.
This race gone after v2.6.24-1728-g4ac845a
Signed-off-by: Konstantin Khlebnikov <khlebnikov@openvz.org>
Signed-off-by: Jens Axboe <jens.axboe@oracle.com>
Remove all rcu head inits. We don't care about the RCU head state before passing
it to call_rcu() anyway. Only leave the "on_stack" variants so debugobjects can
keep track of objects on stack.
Signed-off-by: Mathieu Desnoyers <mathieu.desnoyers@efficios.com>
Signed-off-by: Paul E. McKenney <paulmck@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Signed-off-by: Jens Axboe <jens.axboe@oracle.com>
blk_init_queue() allocates the request_queue structure and then
initializes it as needed (request_fn, elevator, etc).
Split initialization out to blk_init_allocated_queue_node.
Introduce blk_init_allocated_queue wrapper function to model existing
blk_init_queue and blk_init_queue_node interfaces.
Export elv_register_queue to allow a newly added elevator to be
registered with sysfs. Export elv_unregister_queue for symmetry.
These changes allow DM to initialize a device's request_queue with more
precision. In particular, DM no longer unconditionally initializes a
full request_queue (elevator et al). It only does so for a
request-based DM device.
Signed-off-by: Mike Snitzer <snitzer@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Jens Axboe <jens.axboe@oracle.com>
with CONFIG_PROVE_RCU=y, a warning can be triggered:
# mount -t cgroup -o blkio xxx /mnt
# mkdir /mnt/subgroup
...
kernel/cgroup.c:4442 invoked rcu_dereference_check() without protection!
...
To fix this, we avoid caling css_depth() here, which is a bit simpler
than the original code.
Signed-off-by: Li Zefan <lizf@cn.fujitsu.com>
Acked-by: Vivek Goyal <vgoyal@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Jens Axboe <jens.axboe@oracle.com>
- Add bio_batch helper primitive. This is rather generic primitive
for submitting/waiting a complex request which consists of several
bios.
- blkdev_issue_zeroout() generate number of zero filed write bios.
Signed-off-by: Dmitry Monakhov <dmonakhov@openvz.org>
Signed-off-by: Jens Axboe <jens.axboe@oracle.com>
Move blkdev_issue_discard from blk-barrier.c because it is
not barrier related.
Later the file will be populated by other helpers.
Signed-off-by: Dmitry Monakhov <dmonakhov@openvz.org>
Signed-off-by: Jens Axboe <jens.axboe@oracle.com>
In some places caller don't want to wait a request to complete.
Signed-off-by: Dmitry Monakhov <dmonakhov@openvz.org>
Signed-off-by: Jens Axboe <jens.axboe@oracle.com>
The patch just convert all blkdev_issue_xxx function to common
set of flags. Wait/allocation semantics preserved.
Signed-off-by: Dmitry Monakhov <dmonakhov@openvz.org>
Signed-off-by: Jens Axboe <jens.axboe@oracle.com>
This patch fixes few usability and configurability issues.
o All the cgroup based controller options are configurable from
"Genral Setup/Control Group Support/" menu. blkio is the only exception.
Hence make this option visible in above menu and make it configurable from
there to bring it inline with rest of the cgroup based controllers.
o Get rid of CONFIG_DEBUG_CFQ_IOSCHED.
This option currently does two things.
- Enable printing of cgroup paths in blktrace
- Enables CONFIG_DEBUG_BLK_CGROUP, which in turn displays additional stat
files in cgroup.
If we are using group scheduling, blktrace data is of not really much use
if cgroup information is not present. To get this data, currently one has to
also enable CONFIG_DEBUG_CFQ_IOSCHED, which in turn brings the overhead of
all the additional debug stat files which is not desired.
Hence, this patch moves printing of cgroup paths under
CONFIG_CFQ_GROUP_IOSCHED.
This allows us to get rid of CONFIG_DEBUG_CFQ_IOSCHED completely. Now all
the debug stat files are controlled only by CONFIG_DEBUG_BLK_CGROUP which
can be enabled through config menu.
Signed-off-by: Vivek Goyal <vgoyal@redhat.com>
Acked-by: Divyesh Shah <dpshah@google.com>
Reviewed-by: Gui Jianfeng <guijianfeng@cn.fujitsu.com>
Signed-off-by: Jens Axboe <jens.axboe@oracle.com>
blk_rq_timed_out_timer() relied on blk_add_timer() never returning a
timer value of zero, but commit 7838c15b8d
removed the code that bumped this value when it was zero.
Therefore when jiffies is near wrap we could get unlucky & not set the
timeout value correctly.
This patch uses a flag to indicate that the timeout value was set and so
handles jiffies wrap correctly, and it keeps all the logic in one
function so should be easier to maintain in the future.
Signed-off-by: Richard Kennedy <richard@rsk.demon.co.uk>
Cc: stable@kernel.org
Signed-off-by: Jens Axboe <jens.axboe@oracle.com>
After merging the block tree, 20100414's linux-next build (x86_64
allmodconfig) failed like this:
ERROR: "get_gendisk" [block/blk-cgroup.ko] undefined!
ERROR: "sched_clock" [block/blk-cgroup.ko] undefined!
This happens because the two symbols aren't exported and hence not available
when blk-cgroup code is built as a module. I've tried to stay consistent with
the use of EXPORT_SYMBOL or EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL with the other symbols in the
respective files.
Signed-off-by: Divyesh Shah <dpshah@google.com>
Acked-by: Gui Jianfeng <guijianfeng@cn.fujitsu.cn>
Signed-off-by: Jens Axboe <jens.axboe@oracle.com>
blk_rq_timed_out_timer() relied on blk_add_timer() never returning a
timer value of zero, but commit 7838c15b8d
removed the code that bumped this value when it was zero.
Therefore when jiffies is near wrap we could get unlucky & not set the
timeout value correctly.
This patch uses a flag to indicate that the timeout value was set and so
handles jiffies wrap correctly, and it keeps all the logic in one
function so should be easier to maintain in the future.
Signed-off-by: Richard Kennedy <richard@rsk.demon.co.uk>
Signed-off-by: Jens Axboe <jens.axboe@oracle.com>
Fixes compile errors in blk-cgroup code for empty_time stat and a merge fix in
CFQ. The first error was when CONFIG_DEBUG_CFQ_IOSCHED is not set.
Signed-off-by: Divyesh Shah <dpshah@google.com>
Signed-off-by: Jens Axboe <jens.axboe@oracle.com>
Changelog from v1:
o Call blkiocg_update_idle_time_stats() at cfq_rq_enqueued() instead of at
dispatch time.
Changelog from original patchset: (in response to Vivek Goyal's comments)
o group blkiocg_update_blkio_group_dequeue_stats() with other DEBUG functions
o rename blkiocg_update_set_active_queue_stats() to
blkiocg_update_avg_queue_size_stats()
o s/request/io/ in blkiocg_update_request_add_stats() and
blkiocg_update_request_remove_stats()
o Call cfq_del_timer() at request dispatch() instead of
blkiocg_update_idle_time_stats()
Signed-off-by: Divyesh Shah<dpshah@google.com>
Acked-by: Vivek Goyal <vgoyal@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Jens Axboe <jens.axboe@oracle.com>
Currently, IO Controller makes use of blkio.weight to assign weight for
all devices. Here a new user interface "blkio.weight_device" is introduced to
assign different weights for different devices. blkio.weight becomes the
default value for devices which are not configured by "blkio.weight_device"
You can use the following format to assigned specific weight for a given
device:
#echo "major:minor weight" > blkio.weight_device
major:minor represents device number.
And you can remove weight for a given device as following:
#echo "major:minor 0" > blkio.weight_device
V1->V2 changes:
- use user interface "weight_device" instead of "policy" suggested by Vivek
- rename some struct suggested by Vivek
- rebase to 2.6-block "for-linus" branch
- remove an useless list_empty check pointed out by Li Zefan
- some trivial typo fix
V2->V3 changes:
- Move policy_*_node() functions up to get rid of forward declarations
- rename related functions by adding prefix "blkio_"
Signed-off-by: Gui Jianfeng <guijianfeng@cn.fujitsu.com>
Acked-by: Vivek Goyal <vgoyal@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Jens Axboe <jens.axboe@oracle.com>
* 'for-linus' of git://git.kernel.dk/linux-2.6-block: (34 commits)
cfq-iosched: Fix the incorrect timeslice accounting with forced_dispatch
loop: Update mtime when writing using aops
block: expose the statistics in blkio.time and blkio.sectors for the root cgroup
backing-dev: Handle class_create() failure
Block: Fix block/elevator.c elevator_get() off-by-one error
drbd: lc_element_by_index() never returns NULL
cciss: unlock on error path
cfq-iosched: Do not merge queues of BE and IDLE classes
cfq-iosched: Add additional blktrace log messages in CFQ for easier debugging
i2o: Remove the dangerous kobj_to_i2o_device macro
block: remove 16 bytes of padding from struct request on 64bits
cfq-iosched: fix a kbuild regression
block: make CONFIG_BLK_CGROUP visible
Remove GENHD_FL_DRIVERFS
block: Export max number of segments and max segment size in sysfs
block: Finalize conversion of block limits functions
block: Fix overrun in lcm() and move it to lib
vfs: improve writeback_inodes_wb()
paride: fix off-by-one test
drbd: fix al-to-on-disk-bitmap for 4k logical_block_size
...
When CFQ dispatches requests forcefully due to a barrier or changing iosched,
it runs through all cfqq's dispatching requests and then expires each queue.
However, it does not activate a cfqq before flushing its IOs resulting in
using stale values for computing slice_used.
This patch fixes it by calling activate queue before flushing reuqests from
each queue.
This is useful mostly for barrier requests because when the iosched is changing
it really doesnt matter if we have incorrect accounting since we're going to
break down all structures anyway.
We also now expire the current timeslice before moving on with the dispatch
to accurately account slice used for that cfqq.
Signed-off-by: Divyesh Shah<dpshah@google.com>
Signed-off-by: Jens Axboe <jens.axboe@oracle.com>
1) group_wait_time - This is the amount of time the cgroup had to wait to get a
timeslice for one of its queues from when it became busy, i.e., went from 0
to 1 request queued. This is different from the io_wait_time which is the
cumulative total of the amount of time spent by each IO in that cgroup waiting
in the scheduler queue. This stat is a great way to find out any jobs in the
fleet that are being starved or waiting for longer than what is expected (due
to an IO controller bug or any other issue).
2) empty_time - This is the amount of time a cgroup spends w/o any pending
requests. This stat is useful when a job does not seem to be able to use its
assigned disk share by helping check if that is happening due to an IO
controller bug or because the job is not submitting enough IOs.
3) idle_time - This is the amount of time spent by the IO scheduler idling
for a given cgroup in anticipation of a better request than the exising ones
from other queues/cgroups.
All these stats are recorded using start and stop events. When reading these
stats, we do not add the delta between the current time and the last start time
if we're between the start and stop events. We avoid doing this to make sure
that these numbers are always monotonically increasing when read. Since we're
using sched_clock() which may use the tsc as its source, it may induce some
inconsistency (due to tsc resync across cpus) if we included the current delta.
Signed-off-by: Divyesh Shah<dpshah@google.com>
Signed-off-by: Jens Axboe <jens.axboe@oracle.com>
These stats are useful for getting a feel for the queue depth of the cgroup,
i.e., how filled up its queues are at a given instant and over the existence of
the cgroup. This ability is useful when debugging problems in the wild as it
helps understand the application's IO pattern w/o having to read through the
userspace code (coz its tedious or just not available) or w/o the ability
to run blktrace (since you may not have root access and/or not want to disturb
performance).
Signed-off-by: Divyesh Shah<dpshah@google.com>
Signed-off-by: Jens Axboe <jens.axboe@oracle.com>
This includes both the number of bios merged into requests belonging to this
cgroup as well as the number of requests merged together.
In the past, we've observed different merging behavior across upstream kernels,
some by design some actual bugs. This stat helps a lot in debugging such
problems when applications report decreased throughput with a new kernel
version.
This needed adding an extra elevator function to capture bios being merged as I
did not want to pollute elevator code with blkiocg knowledge and hence needed
the accounting invocation to come from CFQ.
Signed-off-by: Divyesh Shah<dpshah@google.com>
Signed-off-by: Jens Axboe <jens.axboe@oracle.com>
that include some minor fixes and addresses all comments.
Changelog: (most based on Vivek Goyal's comments)
o renamed blkiocg_reset_write to blkiocg_reset_stats
o more clarification in the documentation on io_service_time and io_wait_time
o Initialize blkg->stats_lock
o rename io_add_stat to blkio_add_stat and declare it static
o use bool for direction and sync
o derive direction and sync info from existing rq methods
o use 12 for major:minor string length
o define io_service_time better to cover the NCQ case
o add a separate reset_stats interface
o make the indexed stats a 2d array to simplify macro and function pointer code
o blkio.time now exports in jiffies as before
o Added stats description in patch description and
Documentation/cgroup/blkio-controller.txt
o Prefix all stats functions with blkio and make them static as applicable
o replace IO_TYPE_MAX with IO_TYPE_TOTAL
o Moved #define constant to top of blk-cgroup.c
o Pass dev_t around instead of char *
o Add note to documentation file about resetting stats
o use BLK_CGROUP_MODULE in addition to BLK_CGROUP config option in #ifdef
statements
o Avoid struct request specific knowledge in blk-cgroup. blk-cgroup.h now has
rq_direction() and rq_sync() functions which are used by CFQ and when using
io-controller at a higher level, bio_* functions can be added.
Signed-off-by: Divyesh Shah<dpshah@google.com>
Signed-off-by: Jens Axboe <jens.axboe@oracle.com>
One of the features of laptop-mode is that it forces a writeout of dirty
pages if something else triggers a physical read or write from a device.
The current implementation flushes pages on all devices, rather than only
the one that triggered the flush. This patch alters the behaviour so that
only the recently accessed block device is flushed, preventing other
disks being spun up for no terribly good reason.
Signed-off-by: Matthew Garrett <mjg@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Jens Axboe <jens.axboe@oracle.com>
Currently, the io statistics for the root cgroup are maintained, but
they are not shown because the device information is not available at
the point that the root blkio cgroup is created. This patch updates
the device information when the statistics are updated so that the
statistics become visible.
Signed-off-by: Ricky Benitez <rickyb@google.com>
Acked-by: Vivek Goyal <vgoyal@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Jens Axboe <jens.axboe@oracle.com>
We also add start_time_ns and io_start_time_ns fields to struct request
here to record the time when a request is created and when it is
dispatched to device. We use ns uints here as ms and jiffies are
not very useful for non-rotational media.
Signed-off-by: Divyesh Shah<dpshah@google.com>
Signed-off-by: Jens Axboe <jens.axboe@oracle.com>
- io_service_time
- io_wait_time
- io_serviced
- io_service_bytes
These stats are accumulated per operation type helping us to distinguish between
read and write, and sync and async IO. This patch does not increment any of
these stats.
Signed-off-by: Divyesh Shah<dpshah@google.com>
Signed-off-by: Jens Axboe <jens.axboe@oracle.com>
that info at request dispatch with other stats now. This patch removes the
existing support for accounting sectors for a blkio_group. This will be added
back differently in the next two patches.
Signed-off-by: Divyesh Shah<dpshah@google.com>
Signed-off-by: Jens Axboe <jens.axboe@oracle.com>
elevator_get() not check the name length, if the name length > sizeof(elv),
elv will miss the '\0'. And elv buffer will be replace "-iosched" as something
like aaaaaaaaa, then call request_module() can load an not trust module.
Signed-off-by: Zhitong Wang <zhitong.wangzt@alibaba-inc.com>
Signed-off-by: Jens Axboe <jens.axboe@oracle.com>
percpu.h is included by sched.h and module.h and thus ends up being
included when building most .c files. percpu.h includes slab.h which
in turn includes gfp.h making everything defined by the two files
universally available and complicating inclusion dependencies.
percpu.h -> slab.h dependency is about to be removed. Prepare for
this change by updating users of gfp and slab facilities include those
headers directly instead of assuming availability. As this conversion
needs to touch large number of source files, the following script is
used as the basis of conversion.
http://userweb.kernel.org/~tj/misc/slabh-sweep.py
The script does the followings.
* Scan files for gfp and slab usages and update includes such that
only the necessary includes are there. ie. if only gfp is used,
gfp.h, if slab is used, slab.h.
* When the script inserts a new include, it looks at the include
blocks and try to put the new include such that its order conforms
to its surrounding. It's put in the include block which contains
core kernel includes, in the same order that the rest are ordered -
alphabetical, Christmas tree, rev-Xmas-tree or at the end if there
doesn't seem to be any matching order.
* If the script can't find a place to put a new include (mostly
because the file doesn't have fitting include block), it prints out
an error message indicating which .h file needs to be added to the
file.
The conversion was done in the following steps.
1. The initial automatic conversion of all .c files updated slightly
over 4000 files, deleting around 700 includes and adding ~480 gfp.h
and ~3000 slab.h inclusions. The script emitted errors for ~400
files.
2. Each error was manually checked. Some didn't need the inclusion,
some needed manual addition while adding it to implementation .h or
embedding .c file was more appropriate for others. This step added
inclusions to around 150 files.
3. The script was run again and the output was compared to the edits
from #2 to make sure no file was left behind.
4. Several build tests were done and a couple of problems were fixed.
e.g. lib/decompress_*.c used malloc/free() wrappers around slab
APIs requiring slab.h to be added manually.
5. The script was run on all .h files but without automatically
editing them as sprinkling gfp.h and slab.h inclusions around .h
files could easily lead to inclusion dependency hell. Most gfp.h
inclusion directives were ignored as stuff from gfp.h was usually
wildly available and often used in preprocessor macros. Each
slab.h inclusion directive was examined and added manually as
necessary.
6. percpu.h was updated not to include slab.h.
7. Build test were done on the following configurations and failures
were fixed. CONFIG_GCOV_KERNEL was turned off for all tests (as my
distributed build env didn't work with gcov compiles) and a few
more options had to be turned off depending on archs to make things
build (like ipr on powerpc/64 which failed due to missing writeq).
* x86 and x86_64 UP and SMP allmodconfig and a custom test config.
* powerpc and powerpc64 SMP allmodconfig
* sparc and sparc64 SMP allmodconfig
* ia64 SMP allmodconfig
* s390 SMP allmodconfig
* alpha SMP allmodconfig
* um on x86_64 SMP allmodconfig
8. percpu.h modifications were reverted so that it could be applied as
a separate patch and serve as bisection point.
Given the fact that I had only a couple of failures from tests on step
6, I'm fairly confident about the coverage of this conversion patch.
If there is a breakage, it's likely to be something in one of the arch
headers which should be easily discoverable easily on most builds of
the specific arch.
Signed-off-by: Tejun Heo <tj@kernel.org>
Guess-its-ok-by: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: Ingo Molnar <mingo@redhat.com>
Cc: Lee Schermerhorn <Lee.Schermerhorn@hp.com>
Even if they are found to be co-operating.
The prio_trees do not have any IDLE cfqqs on them. cfq_close_cooperator()
is called from cfq_select_queue() and cfq_completed_request(). The latter
ensures that the close cooperator code does not get invoked if the current
cfqq is of class IDLE but the former doesn't seem to have any such checks.
So an IDLE cfqq may get merged with a BE cfqq from the same group which
should be avoided.
Signed-off-by: Divyesh Shah<dpshah@google.com>
Acked-by: Vivek Goyal <vgoyal@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Jens Axboe <jens.axboe@oracle.com>
These have helped us debug some issues we've noticed in earlier IO
controller versions and should be useful now as well. The extra logging
covers:
- idling behavior. Since there are so many conditions based on which we decide
to idle or not, this patch adds a log message for some conditions that we've
found useful.
- workload slices and current prio and workload type
Changelog from v1:
o moved log message from cfq_set_active_queue() to __cfq_set_active_queue()
o changed queue_count to st->count
Signed-off-by: Divyesh Shah<dpshah@google.com>
Signed-off-by: Jens Axboe <jens.axboe@oracle.com>
Alex Shi reported a kbuild regression which is about 10% performance lost.
He bisected to this commit: 3dde36ddea.
The reason is cfqq_close() can't find close cooperator. Restoring
cfq_rq_close()'s threshold to original value makes the regression go away.
Since for_preempt parameter isn't used anymore, this patch deletes it.
Reported-by: Alex Shi <alex.shi@intel.com>
Signed-off-by: Shaohua Li <shaohua.li@intel.com>
Acked-by: Corrado Zoccolo <czoccolo@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Jens Axboe <jens.axboe@oracle.com>
Make the config visible, so we can choose from CONFIG_BLK_CGROUP=y
and CONFIG_BLK_CGROUP=m when CONFIG_IOSCHED_CFQ=m.
Signed-off-by: Li Zefan <lizf@cn.fujitsu.com>
Signed-off-by: Jens Axboe <jens.axboe@oracle.com>
These two values are useful when debugging issues surrounding maximum
I/O size. Put them in sysfs with the rest of the queue limits.
Signed-off-by: Martin K. Petersen <martin.petersen@oracle.com>
Signed-off-by: Jens Axboe <jens.axboe@oracle.com>
lcm() was defined to take integer-sized arguments. The supplied
arguments are multiplied, however, causing us to overflow given
sufficiently large input. That in turn led to incorrect optimal I/O
size reporting in some cases (RAID over RAID).
Switch lcm() over to unsigned long similar to gcd() and move the
function from blk-settings.c to lib.
Signed-off-by: Martin K. Petersen <martin.petersen@oracle.com>
Signed-off-by: Jens Axboe <jens.axboe@oracle.com>
* 'for-linus' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/jikos/trivial: (56 commits)
doc: fix typo in comment explaining rb_tree usage
Remove fs/ntfs/ChangeLog
doc: fix console doc typo
doc: cpuset: Update the cpuset flag file
Fix of spelling in arch/sparc/kernel/leon_kernel.c no longer needed
Remove drivers/parport/ChangeLog
Remove drivers/char/ChangeLog
doc: typo - Table 1-2 should refer to "status", not "statm"
tree-wide: fix typos "ass?o[sc]iac?te" -> "associate" in comments
No need to patch AMD-provided drivers/gpu/drm/radeon/atombios.h
devres/irq: Fix devm_irq_match comment
Remove reference to kthread_create_on_cpu
tree-wide: Assorted spelling fixes
tree-wide: fix 'lenght' typo in comments and code
drm/kms: fix spelling in error message
doc: capitalization and other minor fixes in pnp doc
devres: typo fix s/dev/devm/
Remove redundant trailing semicolons from macros
fix typo "definetly" -> "definitely" in comment
tree-wide: s/widht/width/g typo in comments
...
Fix trivial conflict in Documentation/laptops/00-INDEX
Modify the Block I/O cgroup subsystem to be able to be built as a module.
As the CFQ disk scheduler optionally depends on blk-cgroup, config options
in block/Kconfig, block/Kconfig.iosched, and block/blk-cgroup.h are
enhanced to support the new module dependency.
Signed-off-by: Ben Blum <bblum@andrew.cmu.edu>
Cc: Li Zefan <lizf@cn.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Paul Menage <menage@google.com>
Cc: "David S. Miller" <davem@davemloft.net>
Cc: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Lai Jiangshan <laijs@cn.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Vivek Goyal <vgoyal@redhat.com>
Cc: Jens Axboe <jens.axboe@oracle.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Constify struct sysfs_ops.
This is part of the ops structure constification
effort started by Arjan van de Ven et al.
Benefits of this constification:
* prevents modification of data that is shared
(referenced) by many other structure instances
at runtime
* detects/prevents accidental (but not intentional)
modification attempts on archs that enforce
read-only kernel data at runtime
* potentially better optimized code as the compiler
can assume that the const data cannot be changed
* the compiler/linker move const data into .rodata
and therefore exclude them from false sharing
Signed-off-by: Emese Revfy <re.emese@gmail.com>
Acked-by: David Teigland <teigland@redhat.com>
Acked-by: Matt Domsch <Matt_Domsch@dell.com>
Acked-by: Maciej Sosnowski <maciej.sosnowski@intel.com>
Acked-by: Hans J. Koch <hjk@linutronix.de>
Acked-by: Pekka Enberg <penberg@cs.helsinki.fi>
Acked-by: Jens Axboe <jens.axboe@oracle.com>
Acked-by: Stephen Hemminger <shemminger@vyatta.com>
Signed-off-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@suse.de>
As the comment says the initial value of last_waited is never used, so
there is no need to initialise it with the current jiffies. Jiffies is
hot enough without accessing it for no reason.
Signed-off-by: Richard Kennedy <richard@rsk.demon.co.uk>
Signed-off-by: Jens Axboe <jens.axboe@oracle.com>
Reorder cfq_rb_root to remove 8 bytes of padding on 64 bit builds.
Consequently removing 56 bytes from cfq_group and 64 bytes from
cfq_data.
Signed-off-by: Richard Kennedy <richard@rsk.demon.co.uk>
Signed-off-by: Jens Axboe <jens.axboe@oracle.com>
Currently a queue can only dispatch up to 4 requests if there are other queues.
This isn't optimal, device can handle more requests, for example, AHCI can
handle 31 requests. I can understand the limit is for fairness, but we could
do a tweak: if the queue still has a lot of slice left, sounds we could
ignore the limit. Test shows this boost my workload (two thread randread of
a SSD) from 78m/s to 100m/s.
Thanks for suggestions from Corrado and Vivek for the patch.
Signed-off-by: Shaohua Li <shaohua.li@intel.com>
Signed-off-by: Jens Axboe <jens.axboe@oracle.com>
Counters for requests "in flight" and "in driver" are used asymmetrically
in cfq_may_dispatch, and have slightly different meaning.
We split the rq_in_flight counter (was sync_flight) to count both sync
and async requests, in order to use this one, which is more accurate in
some corner cases.
The rq_in_driver counter is coalesced, since individual sync/async counts
are not used any more.
Signed-off-by: Corrado Zoccolo <czoccolo@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Jens Axboe <jens.axboe@oracle.com>
CFQ currently applies the same logic of detecting seeky queues and
grouping them together for rotational disks as well as SSDs.
For SSDs, the time to complete a request doesn't depend on the
request location, but only on the size.
This patch therefore changes the criterion to group queues by
request size in case of SSDs, in order to achieve better fairness.
Signed-off-by: Corrado Zoccolo <czoccolo@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Jens Axboe <jens.axboe@oracle.com>
Current seeky detection is based on average seek lenght.
This is suboptimal, since the average will not distinguish between:
* a process doing medium sized seeks
* a process doing some sequential requests interleaved with larger seeks
and even a medium seek can take lot of time, if the requested sector
happens to be behind the disk head in the rotation (50% probability).
Therefore, we change the seeky queue detection to work as follows:
* each request can be classified as sequential if it is very close to
the current head position, i.e. it is likely in the disk cache (disks
usually read more data than requested, and put it in cache for
subsequent reads). Otherwise, the request is classified as seeky.
* an history window of the last 32 requests is kept, storing the
classification result.
* A queue is marked as seeky if more than 1/8 of the last 32 requests
were seeky.
This patch fixes a regression reported by Yanmin, on mmap 64k random
reads.
Reported-by: Yanmin Zhang <yanmin_zhang@linux.intel.com>
Signed-off-by: Corrado Zoccolo <czoccolo@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Jens Axboe <jens.axboe@oracle.com>
Except for SCSI no device drivers distinguish between physical and
hardware segment limits. Consolidate the two into a single segment
limit.
Signed-off-by: Martin K. Petersen <martin.petersen@oracle.com>
Signed-off-by: Jens Axboe <jens.axboe@oracle.com>
The block layer calling convention is blk_queue_<limit name>.
blk_queue_max_sectors predates this practice, leading to some confusion.
Rename the function to appropriately reflect that its intended use is to
set max_hw_sectors.
Also introduce a temporary wrapper for backwards compability. This can
be removed after the merge window is closed.
Signed-off-by: Martin K. Petersen <martin.petersen@oracle.com>
Signed-off-by: Jens Axboe <jens.axboe@oracle.com>
Add a BLK_ prefix to block layer constants.
Signed-off-by: Martin K. Petersen <martin.petersen@oracle.com>
Signed-off-by: Jens Axboe <jens.axboe@oracle.com>
blk_queue_max_hw_sectors is no longer called by any subsystem and can be
removed.
Signed-off-by: Martin K. Petersen <martin.petersen@oracle.com>
Signed-off-by: Jens Axboe <jens.axboe@oracle.com>
Clarify blk_queue_max_sectors and update documentation.
Signed-off-by: Martin K. Petersen <martin.petersen@oracle.com>
Signed-off-by: Jens Axboe <jens.axboe@oracle.com>
There's no need to take css reference here, for the caller
has already called rcu_read_lock() to prevent cgroup from
being removed.
Signed-off-by: Gui Jianfeng <guijianfeng@cn.fujitsu.com>
Reviewed-by: Li Zefan <lizf@cn.fujitsu.com>
Acked-by: Vivek Goyal <vgoyal@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Jens Axboe <jens.axboe@oracle.com>
Now that the bio list management stuff is generic, convert
generic_make_request to use bio lists instead of its own private bio
list implementation.
Signed-off-by: Akinobu Mita <akinobu.mita@gmail.com>
Cc: Christoph Hellwig <hch@infradead.org>
Signed-off-by: Jens Axboe <jens.axboe@oracle.com>
This reverts commit fb1e75389b.
"Benjamin S." <sbenni@gmx.de> reports that the patch in question
causes a big drop in sequential throughput for him, dropping from
200MB/sec down to only 70MB/sec.
Needs to be investigated more fully, for now lets just revert the
offending commit.
Conflicts:
include/linux/blkdev.h
Signed-off-by: Jens Axboe <jens.axboe@oracle.com>
This removes 8 bytes of padding from struct cfq_queue on 64 bit builds,
shrinking it's size to 256 bytes, so fitting into 1 fewer cachelines and
allowing 1 more object/slab in it's kmem_cache.
Signed-off-by: Richard Kennedy <richard@rsk.demon.co.uk>
Reviewed-by: Jeff Moyer <jmoyer@redhat.com>
----
patch against 2.6.33-rc8
tested on x86_64 AMDX2
Signed-off-by: Jens Axboe <jens.axboe@oracle.com>
In particular, several occurances of funny versions of 'success',
'unknown', 'therefore', 'acknowledge', 'argument', 'achieve', 'address',
'beginning', 'desirable', 'separate' and 'necessary' are fixed.
Signed-off-by: Daniel Mack <daniel@caiaq.de>
Cc: Joe Perches <joe@perches.com>
Cc: Junio C Hamano <gitster@pobox.com>
Signed-off-by: Jiri Kosina <jkosina@suse.cz>
Currently we split seeky coop queues after 1s, which is too big. Below patch
marks seeky coop queue split_coop flag after one slice. After that, if new
requests come in, the queues will be splitted. Patch is suggested by Corrado.
Signed-off-by: Shaohua Li <shaohua.li@intel.com>
Reviewed-by: Corrado Zoccolo <czoccolo@gmail.com>
Acked-by: Jeff Moyer <jmoyer@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Jens Axboe <jens.axboe@oracle.com>
Few weeks back, Shaohua Li had posted similar patch. I am reposting it
with more test results.
This patch does two things.
- Do not idle on async queues.
- It also changes the write queue depth CFQ drives (cfq_may_dispatch()).
Currently, we seem to driving queue depth of 1 always for WRITES. This is
true even if there is only one write queue in the system and all the logic
of infinite queue depth in case of single busy queue as well as slowly
increasing queue depth based on last delayed sync request does not seem to
be kicking in at all.
This patch will allow deeper WRITE queue depths (subjected to the other
WRITE queue depth contstraints like cfq_quantum and last delayed sync
request).
Shaohua Li had reported getting more out of his SSD. For me, I have got
one Lun exported from an HP EVA and when pure buffered writes are on, I
can get more out of the system. Following are test results of pure
buffered writes (with end_fsync=1) with vanilla and patched kernel. These
results are average of 3 sets of run with increasing number of threads.
AVERAGE[bufwfs][vanilla]
-------
job Set NR ReadBW(KB/s) MaxClat(us) WriteBW(KB/s) MaxClat(us)
--- --- -- ------------ ----------- ------------- -----------
bufwfs 3 1 0 0 95349 474141
bufwfs 3 2 0 0 100282 806926
bufwfs 3 4 0 0 109989 2.7301e+06
bufwfs 3 8 0 0 116642 3762231
bufwfs 3 16 0 0 118230 6902970
AVERAGE[bufwfs] [patched kernel]
-------
bufwfs 3 1 0 0 270722 404352
bufwfs 3 2 0 0 206770 1.06552e+06
bufwfs 3 4 0 0 195277 1.62283e+06
bufwfs 3 8 0 0 260960 2.62979e+06
bufwfs 3 16 0 0 299260 1.70731e+06
I also ran buffered writes along with some sequential reads and some
buffered reads going on in the system on a SATA disk because the potential
risk could be that we should not be driving queue depth higher in presence
of sync IO going to keep the max clat low.
With some random and sequential reads going on in the system on one SATA
disk I did not see any significant increase in max clat. So it looks like
other WRITE queue depth control logic is doing its job. Here are the
results.
AVERAGE[brr, bsr, bufw together] [vanilla]
-------
job Set NR ReadBW(KB/s) MaxClat(us) WriteBW(KB/s) MaxClat(us)
--- --- -- ------------ ----------- ------------- -----------
brr 3 1 850 546345 0 0
bsr 3 1 14650 729543 0 0
bufw 3 1 0 0 23908 8274517
brr 3 2 981.333 579395 0 0
bsr 3 2 14149.7 1175689 0 0
bufw 3 2 0 0 21921 1.28108e+07
brr 3 4 898.333 1.75527e+06 0 0
bsr 3 4 12230.7 1.40072e+06 0 0
bufw 3 4 0 0 19722.3 2.4901e+07
brr 3 8 900 3160594 0 0
bsr 3 8 9282.33 1.91314e+06 0 0
bufw 3 8 0 0 18789.3 23890622
AVERAGE[brr, bsr, bufw mixed] [patched kernel]
-------
job Set NR ReadBW(KB/s) MaxClat(us) WriteBW(KB/s) MaxClat(us)
--- --- -- ------------ ----------- ------------- -----------
brr 3 1 837 417973 0 0
bsr 3 1 14357.7 591275 0 0
bufw 3 1 0 0 24869.7 8910662
brr 3 2 1038.33 543434 0 0
bsr 3 2 13351.3 1205858 0 0
bufw 3 2 0 0 18626.3 13280370
brr 3 4 913 1.86861e+06 0 0
bsr 3 4 12652.3 1430974 0 0
bufw 3 4 0 0 15343.3 2.81305e+07
brr 3 8 890 2.92695e+06 0 0
bsr 3 8 9635.33 1.90244e+06 0 0
bufw 3 8 0 0 17200.3 24424392
So looks like it might make sense to include this patch.
Thanks
Vivek
Signed-off-by: Vivek Goyal <vgoyal@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Jens Axboe <jens.axboe@oracle.com>
Updated 'nomerges' tunable to accept a value of '2' - indicating that _no_
merges at all are to be attempted (not even the simple one-hit cache).
The following table illustrates the additional benefit - 5 minute runs of
a random I/O load were applied to a dozen devices on a 16-way x86_64 system.
nomerges Throughput %System Improvement (tput / %sys)
-------- ------------ ----------- -------------------------
0 12.45 MB/sec 0.669365609
1 12.50 MB/sec 0.641519199 0.40% / 2.71%
2 12.52 MB/sec 0.639849750 0.56% / 2.96%
Signed-off-by: Alan D. Brunelle <alan.brunelle@hp.com>
Signed-off-by: Jens Axboe <jens.axboe@oracle.com>
In cfq_should_preempt(), we currently allow some cases where a non-RT request
can preempt an ongoing RT cfqq timeslice. This should not happen.
Examples include:
o A sync_noidle wl type non-RT request pre-empting a sync_noidle wl type cfqq
on which we are idling.
o Once we have per-cgroup async queues, a non-RT sync request pre-empting a RT
async cfqq.
Signed-off-by: Divyesh Shah<dpshah@google.com>
Signed-off-by: Jens Axboe <jens.axboe@oracle.com>
All callers of the stacking functions use 512-byte sector units rather
than byte offsets. Simplify the code so the stacking functions take
sectors when specifying data offsets.
Signed-off-by: Martin K. Petersen <martin.petersen@oracle.com>
Signed-off-by: Jens Axboe <jens.axboe@oracle.com>
DM does not want to know about partition offsets. Add a partition-aware
wrapper that DM can use when stacking block devices.
Signed-off-by: Martin K. Petersen <martin.petersen@oracle.com>
Acked-by: Mike Snitzer <snitzer@redhat.com>
Reviewed-by: Alasdair G Kergon <agk@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Jens Axboe <jens.axboe@oracle.com>
Discard alignment reporting for partitions was incorrect. Update to
match the algorithm used elsewhere.
The alignment can be negative (misaligned). Fix format string
accordingly.
Signed-off-by: Martin K. Petersen <martin.petersen@oracle.com>
Signed-off-by: Jens Axboe <jens.axboe@oracle.com>
The top device misalignment flag would not be set if the added bottom
device was already misaligned as opposed to causing a stacking failure.
Also massage the reporting so that an error is only returned if adding
the bottom device caused the misalignment. I.e. don't return an error
if the top is already flagged as misaligned.
Signed-off-by: Martin K. Petersen <martin.petersen@oracle.com>
Signed-off-by: Jens Axboe <jens.axboe@oracle.com>
queue_sector_alignment_offset returned the wrong value which caused
partitions to report an incorrect alignment_offset. Since offset
alignment calculation is needed several places it has been split into a
separate helper function. The topology stacking function has been
updated accordingly.
Furthermore, comments have been added to clarify how the stacking
function works.
Signed-off-by: Martin K. Petersen <martin.petersen@oracle.com>
Tested-by: Mike Snitzer <snitzer@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Jens Axboe <jens.axboe@oracle.com>
seek_mean could be very big sometimes, using it as close criteria is meaningless
as this doen't improve any performance. So if it's big, let's fallback to
default value.
Reviewed-by: Corrado Zoccolo <czoccolo@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Shaohua Li<shaohua.li@intel.com>
Signed-off-by: Jens Axboe <jens.axboe@oracle.com>
The stacking code incorrectly scaled up the data offset in some cases
causing misaligned devices to report alignment. Rewrite the stacking
algorithm to remedy this and apply the same alignment principles to the
discard handling.
Signed-off-by: Martin K. Petersen <martin.petersen@oracle.com>
Signed-off-by: Jens Axboe <jens.axboe@oracle.com>
o CFQ now internally divides cfq queues in therr workload categories. sync-idle,
sync-noidle and async. Which workload to run depends primarily on rb_key
offset across three service trees. Which is a combination of mulitiple things
including what time queue got queued on the service tree.
There is one exception though. That is if we switched the prio class, say
we served some RT tasks and again started serving BE class, then with-in
BE class we always started with sync-noidle workload irrespective of rb_key
offset in service trees.
This can provide better latencies for sync-noidle workload in the presence
of RT tasks.
o This patch gets rid of that exception and which workload to run with-in
class always depends on lowest rb_key across service trees. The reason
being that now we have multiple BE class groups and if we always switch
to sync-noidle workload with-in group, we can potentially starve a sync-idle
workload with-in group. Same is true for async workload which will be in
root group. Also the workload-switching with-in group will become very
unpredictable as it now depends whether some RT workload was running in
the system or not.
Signed-off-by: Vivek Goyal <vgoyal@redhat.com>
Reviewed-by: Gui Jianfeng <guijianfeng@cn.fujitsu.com>
Acked-by: Corrado Zoccolo <czoccolo@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Jens Axboe <jens.axboe@oracle.com>
o Currently code does not seem to be using cfqd->nr_groups. Get rid of it.
Signed-off-by: Vivek Goyal <vgoyal@redhat.com>
Reviewed-by: Gui Jianfeng <guijianfeng@cn.fujitsu.com>
Signed-off-by: Jens Axboe <jens.axboe@oracle.com>
o allow_merge() already checks if submitting task is pointing to same cfqq
as rq has been queued in. If everything is fine, we should not be having
a task in one cgroup and having a pointer to cfqq in other cgroup.
Well I guess in some situations it can happen and that is, when a random
IO queue has been moved into root cgroup for group_isolation=0. In
this case, tasks's cgroup/group is different from where actually cfqq is,
but this is intentional and in this case merging should be allowed.
The second situation is where due to close cooperator patches, multiple
processes can be sharing a cfqq. If everything implemented right, we should
not end up in a situation where tasks from different processes in different
groups are sharing the same cfqq as we allow merging of cooperating queues
only if they are in same group.
Signed-off-by: Vivek Goyal <vgoyal@redhat.com>
Reviewed-by: Gui Jianfeng <guijianfeng@cn.fujitsu.com>
Signed-off-by: Jens Axboe <jens.axboe@oracle.com>
Commit 86b3728141 adds a check for
misaligned stacking offsets, but it's buggy since the defaults are 0.
Hence all dm devices that pass in a non-zero starting offset will
be marked as misaligned amd dm will complain.
A real fix is coming, in the mean time disable the discard granularity
check so that users don't worry about dm reporting about misaligned
devices.
Signed-off-by: Jens Axboe <jens.axboe@oracle.com>
* 'for-2.6.33' of git://git.kernel.dk/linux-2.6-block:
cfq: set workload as expired if it doesn't have any slice left
Fix a CFQ crash in "for-2.6.33" branch of block tree
cfq: Remove wait_request flag when idle time is being deleted
cfq-iosched: commenting non-obvious initialization
cfq-iosched: Take care of corner cases of group losing share due to deletion
cfq-iosched: Get rid of cfqq wait_busy_done flag
cfq: Optimization for close cooperating queue searching
block,xd: Delay allocation of DMA buffers until device is known
drbd: Following the hmac change to SHASH (see linux commit 8bd1209cff)
cfq-iosched: reduce write depth only if sync was delayed
When a group is resumed, if it doesn't have workload slice left,
we should set workload_expires as expired. Otherwise, we might
start from where we left in previous group by error.
Thanks the idea from Corrado.
Signed-off-by: Gui Jianfeng <guijianfeng@cn.fujitsu.com>
Signed-off-by: Jens Axboe <jens.axboe@oracle.com>
I think my previous patch introduced a bug which can lead to CFQ hitting
BUG_ON().
The offending commit in for-2.6.33 branch is.
commit 7667aa0630
Author: Vivek Goyal <vgoyal@redhat.com>
Date: Tue Dec 8 17:52:58 2009 -0500
cfq-iosched: Take care of corner cases of group losing share due to deletion
While doing some stress testing on my box, I enountered following.
login: [ 3165.148841] BUG: scheduling while
atomic: swapper/0/0x10000100
[ 3165.149821] Modules linked in: cfq_iosched dm_multipath qla2xxx igb
scsi_transport_fc dm_snapshot [last unloaded: scsi_wait_scan]
[ 3165.149821] Pid: 0, comm: swapper Not tainted
2.6.32-block-for-33-merged-new #3
[ 3165.149821] Call Trace:
[ 3165.149821] <IRQ> [<ffffffff8103fab8>] __schedule_bug+0x5c/0x60
[ 3165.149821] [<ffffffff8103afd7>] ? __wake_up+0x44/0x4d
[ 3165.149821] [<ffffffff8153a979>] schedule+0xe3/0x7bc
[ 3165.149821] [<ffffffff8103a796>] ? cpumask_next+0x1d/0x1f
[ 3165.149821] [<ffffffffa000b21d>] ? cfq_dispatch_requests+0x6ba/0x93e
[cfq_iosched]
[ 3165.149821] [<ffffffff810422d8>] __cond_resched+0x2a/0x35
[ 3165.149821] [<ffffffffa000b21d>] ? cfq_dispatch_requests+0x6ba/0x93e
[cfq_iosched]
[ 3165.149821] [<ffffffff8153b1ee>] _cond_resched+0x2c/0x37
[ 3165.149821] [<ffffffff8100e2db>] is_valid_bugaddr+0x16/0x2f
[ 3165.149821] [<ffffffff811e4161>] report_bug+0x18/0xac
[ 3165.149821] [<ffffffff8100f1fc>] die+0x39/0x63
[ 3165.149821] [<ffffffff8153cde1>] do_trap+0x11a/0x129
[ 3165.149821] [<ffffffff8100d470>] do_invalid_op+0x96/0x9f
[ 3165.149821] [<ffffffffa000b21d>] ? cfq_dispatch_requests+0x6ba/0x93e
[cfq_iosched]
[ 3165.149821] [<ffffffff81034b4d>] ? enqueue_task+0x5c/0x67
[ 3165.149821] [<ffffffff8103ae83>] ? task_rq_unlock+0x11/0x13
[ 3165.149821] [<ffffffff81041aae>] ? try_to_wake_up+0x292/0x2a4
[ 3165.149821] [<ffffffff8100c935>] invalid_op+0x15/0x20
[ 3165.149821] [<ffffffffa000b21d>] ? cfq_dispatch_requests+0x6ba/0x93e
[cfq_iosched]
[ 3165.149821] [<ffffffff810df5a6>] ? virt_to_head_page+0xe/0x2f
[ 3165.149821] [<ffffffff811d8c2a>] blk_peek_request+0x191/0x1a7
[ 3165.149821] [<ffffffff811e5b8d>] ? kobject_get+0x1a/0x21
[ 3165.149821] [<ffffffff812c8d4c>] scsi_request_fn+0x82/0x3df
[ 3165.149821] [<ffffffff8110b2de>] ? bio_fs_destructor+0x15/0x17
[ 3165.149821] [<ffffffff810df5a6>] ? virt_to_head_page+0xe/0x2f
[ 3165.149821] [<ffffffff811d931f>] __blk_run_queue+0x42/0x71
[ 3165.149821] [<ffffffff811d9403>] blk_run_queue+0x26/0x3a
[ 3165.149821] [<ffffffff812c8761>] scsi_run_queue+0x2de/0x375
[ 3165.149821] [<ffffffff812b60ac>] ? put_device+0x17/0x19
[ 3165.149821] [<ffffffff812c92d7>] scsi_next_command+0x3b/0x4b
[ 3165.149821] [<ffffffff812c9b9f>] scsi_io_completion+0x1c9/0x3f5
[ 3165.149821] [<ffffffff812c3c36>] scsi_finish_command+0xb5/0xbe
I think I have hit following BUG_ON() in cfq_dispatch_request().
BUG_ON(RB_EMPTY_ROOT(&cfqq->sort_list));
Please find attached the patch to fix it. I have done some stress testing
with it and have not seen it happening again.
o We should wait on a queue even after slice expiry only if it is empty. If
queue is not empty then continue to expire it.
o If we decide to keep the queue then make cfqq=NULL. Otherwise select_queue()
will return a valid cfqq and cfq_dispatch_request() can hit following
BUG_ON().
BUG_ON(RB_EMPTY_ROOT(&cfqq->sort_list))
Reviewed-by: Jeff Moyer <jmoyer@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Vivek Goyal <vgoyal@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Jens Axboe <jens.axboe@oracle.com>
Remove wait_request flag when idle time is being deleted, otherwise
it'll hit this path every time when a request is enqueued.
Signed-off-by: Gui Jianfeng <guijianfeng@cn.fujitsu.com>
Signed-off-by: Jens Axboe <jens.axboe@oracle.com>
Added a comment to explain the initialization of last_delayed_sync.
Signed-off-by: Corrado Zoccolo <czoccolo@gmail.com>
Acked-by: Jeff Moyer <jmoyer@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Jens Axboe <jens.axboe@oracle.com>
If there is a sequential reader running in a group, we wait for next request
to come in that group after slice expiry and once new request is in, we expire
the queue. Otherwise we delete the group from service tree and group looses
its fair share.
So far I was marking a queue as wait_busy if it had consumed its slice and
it was last queue in the group. But this condition did not cover following
two cases.
1.If a request completed and slice has not expired yet. Next request comes
in and is dispatched to disk. Now select_queue() hits and slice has expired.
This group will be deleted. Because request is still in the disk, this queue
will never get a chance to wait_busy.
2.If request completed and slice has not expired yet. Before next request
comes in (delay due to think time), select_queue() hits and expires the
queue hence group. This queue never got a chance to wait busy.
Gui was hitting the boundary condition 1 and not getting fairness numbers
proportional to weight.
This patch puts the checks for above two conditions and improves the fairness
numbers for sequential workload on rotational media. Check in select_queue()
takes care of case 1 and additional check in should_wait_busy() takes care
of case 2.
Reported-by: Gui Jianfeng <guijianfeng@cn.fujitsu.com>
Signed-off-by: Vivek Goyal <vgoyal@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Jens Axboe <jens.axboe@oracle.com>
o Get rid of wait_busy_done flag. This flag only tells we were doing wait
busy on a queue and that queue got request so expire it. That information
can easily be obtained by (cfq_cfqq_wait_busy() && queue_is_not_empty). So
remove this flag and keep code simple.
Signed-off-by: Vivek Goyal <vgoyal@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Jens Axboe <jens.axboe@oracle.com>
It doesn't make any sense to try to find out a close cooperating
queue if current cfqq is the only one in the group.
Signed-off-by: Gui Jianfeng <guijianfeng@cn.fujitsu.com>
Signed-off-by: Jens Axboe <jens.axboe@oracle.com>
The introduction of ramp-up formula for async queue depths has
slowed down dirty page reclaim, by reducing async write performance.
This patch makes sure the formula kicks in only when sync request
was recently delayed.
Signed-off-by: Corrado Zoccolo <czoccolo@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Jens Axboe <jens.axboe@oracle.com>
Fix a crash during boot reported by Jeff Moyer. Fix the issue of accessing
cfqq after freeing it.
Reported-by: Jeff Moyer <jmoyer@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Vivek Goyal <vgoyal@redhat.com>
Reviewed-by: Jeff Moyer <jmoyer@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Jens Axboe <axboe@carl.(none)>
After the merge of the IO controller patches, booting on my megaraid
box ran much slower. Vivek Goyal traced it down to megaraid discovery
creating tons of devices, each suffering a grace period when they later
kill that queue (if no device is found).
So lets use call_rcu() to batch these deferred frees, instead of taking
the grace period hit for each one.
Signed-off-by: Jens Axboe <jens.axboe@oracle.com>
o Now issues of blkio controller and CFQ in module mode should be fixed.
Enable the cfq group scheduling support in module mode.
Signed-off-by: Vivek Goyal <vgoyal@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Jens Axboe <jens.axboe@oracle.com>
o One of the goals of block IO controller is that it should be able to
support mulitple io control policies, some of which be operational at
higher level in storage hierarchy.
o To begin with, we had one io controlling policy implemented by CFQ, and
I hard coded the CFQ functions called by blkio. This created issues when
CFQ is compiled as module.
o This patch implements a basic dynamic io controlling policy registration
functionality in blkio. This is similar to elevator functionality where
ioschedulers register the functions dynamically.
o Now in future, when more IO controlling policies are implemented, these
can dynakically register with block IO controller.
Signed-off-by: Vivek Goyal <vgoyal@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Jens Axboe <jens.axboe@oracle.com>
o blkio controller is inside the kernel and cfq makes use of interfaces
exported by blkio. CFQ can be a module too, hence export symbols used
by CFQ.
Signed-off-by: Vivek Goyal <vgoyal@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Jens Axboe <jens.axboe@oracle.com>
With CLONE_IO, parent's io_context->nr_tasks is incremented, but never
decremented whenever copy_process() fails afterwards, which prevents
exit_io_context() from calling IO schedulers exit functions.
Give a task_struct to exit_io_context(), and call exit_io_context() instead of
put_io_context() in copy_process() cleanup path.
Signed-off-by: Louis Rilling <louis.rilling@kerlabs.com>
Signed-off-by: Jens Axboe <jens.axboe@oracle.com>
With CLONE_IO, copy_io() increments both ioc->refcount and ioc->nr_tasks.
However exit_io_context() only decrements ioc->refcount if ioc->nr_tasks
reaches 0.
Always call put_io_context() in exit_io_context().
Signed-off-by: Louis Rilling <louis.rilling@kerlabs.com>
Signed-off-by: Jens Axboe <jens.axboe@oracle.com>
cfq_arm_slice_timer() has logic to disable idle window for SSD device. The same
thing should be done at cfq_select_queue() too, otherwise we will still see
idle window. This makes the nonrot check logic consistent in cfq.
Tests in a intel SSD with low_latency knob close, below patch can triple disk
thoughput for muti-thread sequential read.
Signed-off-by: Shaohua Li <shaohua.li@intel.com>
Signed-off-by: Jens Axboe <jens.axboe@oracle.com>
o rq_noidle() is supposed to tell cfq that do not expect a request after this
one, hence don't idle. But this does not seem to work very well. For example
for direct random readers, rq_noidle = 1 but there is next request coming
after this. Not idling, leads to a group not getting its share even if
group_isolation=1.
o The right solution for this issue is to scan the higher layers and set
right flag (WRITE_SYNC or WRITE_ODIRECT). For the time being, this single
line fix helps. This should not have any significant impact when we are
not using cgroups. I will later figure out IO paths in higher layer and
fix it.
Signed-off-by: Vivek Goyal <vgoyal@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Jens Axboe <jens.axboe@oracle.com>
o If a group is running only a random reader, then it will not have enough
traffic to keep disk busy and we will reduce overall throughput. This
should result in better latencies for random reader though. If we don't
idle on random reader service tree, then this random reader will experience
large latencies if there are other groups present in system with sequential
readers running in these.
o One solution suggested by corrado is that by default keep the random readers
or sync-noidle workload in root group so that during one dispatch round
we idle only once on sync-noidle tree. This means that all the sync-idle
workload queues will be in their respective group and we will see service
differentiation in those but not on sync-noidle workload.
o Provide a tunable group_isolation. If set, this will make sure that even
sync-noidle queues go in their respective group and we wait on these. This
provides stronger isolation between groups but at the expense of throughput
if group does not have enough traffic to keep the disk busy.
o By default group_isolation = 0
Signed-off-by: Vivek Goyal <vgoyal@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Jens Axboe <jens.axboe@oracle.com>
o Async queues are not per group. Instead these are system wide and maintained
in root group. Hence their workload slice length should be calculated
based on total number of queues in the system and not just queues in the
root group.
o As root group's default weight is 1000, make sure to charge async queue
more in terms of vtime so that it does not get more time on disk because
root group has higher weight.
Signed-off-by: Vivek Goyal <vgoyal@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Jens Axboe <jens.axboe@oracle.com>
o If a queue consumes its slice and then gets deleted from service tree, its
associated group will also get deleted from service tree if this was the
only queue in the group. That will make group loose its share.
o For the queues on which we have idling on and if these have used their
slice, wait a bit for these queues to get backlogged again and then
expire these queues so that group does not loose its share.
Signed-off-by: Vivek Goyal <vgoyal@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Jens Axboe <jens.axboe@oracle.com>
o If a task changes cgroup, drop reference to the cfqq associated with io
context and set cfqq pointer stored in ioc to NULL so that upon next request
arrival we will allocate a new queue in new group.
Signed-off-by: Vivek Goyal <vgoyal@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Jens Axboe <jens.axboe@oracle.com>
o Do not allow following three operations across groups for isolation.
- selection of co-operating queues
- preemtpions across groups
- request merging across groups.
o Async queues are currently global and not per group. Allow preemption of
an async queue if a sync queue in other group gets backlogged.
Signed-off-by: Vivek Goyal <vgoyal@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Jens Axboe <jens.axboe@oracle.com>
o Export disk time and sector used by a group to user space through cgroup
interface.
o Also export a "dequeue" interface to cgroup which keeps track of how many
a times a group was deleted from service tree. Helps in debugging.
Signed-off-by: Vivek Goyal <vgoyal@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Jens Axboe <jens.axboe@oracle.com>
o One can choose to change elevator or delete a cgroup. Implement group
reference counting so that both elevator exit and cgroup deletion can
take place gracefully.
Signed-off-by: Vivek Goyal <vgoyal@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Nauman Rafique <nauman@google.com>
Signed-off-by: Jens Axboe <jens.axboe@oracle.com>
o Determine the cgroup IO submitting task belongs to and create the cfq
group if it does not exist already.
o Also link cfqq and associated cfq group.
o Currently all async IO is mapped to root group.
Signed-off-by: Vivek Goyal <vgoyal@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Jens Axboe <jens.axboe@oracle.com>
o This patch introduces the functionality to do the accounting of group time
when a queue expires. This time used decides which is the group to go
next.
o Also introduce the functionlity to save and restore the workload type
context with-in group. It might happen that once we expire the cfq queue
and group, a different group will schedule in and we will lose the context
of the workload type. Hence save and restore it upon queue expiry.
Signed-off-by: Vivek Goyal <vgoyal@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Jens Axboe <jens.axboe@oracle.com>
o So far we had 300ms soft target latency system wide. Now with the
introduction of cfq groups, divide that latency by number of groups so
that one can come up with group target latency which will be helpful
in determining the workload slice with-in group and also the dynamic
slice length of the cfq queue.
Signed-off-by: Vivek Goyal <vgoyal@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Jens Axboe <jens.axboe@oracle.com>
o Bring in the per cfq group weight and how vdisktime is calculated for the
group. Also bring in the functionality of updating the min_vdisktime of
the group service tree.
Signed-off-by: Vivek Goyal <vgoyal@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Jens Axboe <jens.axboe@oracle.com>
o This is basic implementation of blkio controller cgroup interface. This is
the common interface visible to user space and should be used by different
IO control policies as we implement those.
Signed-off-by: Vivek Goyal <vgoyal@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Jens Axboe <jens.axboe@oracle.com>
o So far we just had one cfq_group in cfq_data. To create space for more than
one cfq_group, we need to have a service tree of groups where all the groups
can be queued if they have active cfq queues backlogged in these.
Signed-off-by: Vivek Goyal <vgoyal@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Jens Axboe <jens.axboe@oracle.com>
o Currently cfqq deletes a queue from service tree if it is empty (even if
we might idle on the queue). This patch keeps the queue on service tree
hence associated group remains on the service tree until we decide that
we are not going to idle on the queue and expire it.
o This just helps in time accounting for queue/group and in implementation
of rest of the patches.
Signed-off-by: Vivek Goyal <vgoyal@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Jens Axboe <jens.axboe@oracle.com>
o Implement a macro to traverse each service tree in the group. This avoids
usage of double for loop and special condition for idle tree 4 times.
o Macro is little twisted because of special handling of idle class service
tree.
Signed-off-by: Vivek Goyal <vgoyal@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Jens Axboe <jens.axboe@oracle.com>
o This patch introduce the notion of cfq groups. Soon we will can have multiple
groups of different weights in the system.
o Various service trees (prioclass and workload type trees), will become per
cfq group. So hierarchy looks as follows.
cfq_groups
|
workload type
|
cfq queue
o When an scheduling decision has to be taken, first we select the cfq group
then workload with-in the group and then cfq queue with-in the workload
type.
o This patch just makes various workload service tree per cfq group and
introduce the function to be able to choose a group for scheduling.
Signed-off-by: Vivek Goyal <vgoyal@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Jens Axboe <jens.axboe@oracle.com>
o must_dispatch flag should be set only if we decided not to run the queue
and dispatch the request.
Signed-off-by: Vivek Goyal <vgoyal@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Jens Axboe <jens.axboe@oracle.com>
Since commit 2f5cb7381b, each queue can send
up to 4 * 4 requests if only one queue exists. I wonder why we have such limit.
Device supports tag can send more requests. For example, AHCI can send 31
requests. Test (direct aio randread) shows the limits reduce about 4% disk
thoughput.
On the other hand, since we send one request one time, if other queue
pop when current is sending more than cfq_quantum requests, current queue will
stop send requests soon after one request, so sounds there is no big latency.
Signed-off-by: Shaohua Li <shaohua.li@intel.com>
Signed-off-by: Jens Axboe <jens.axboe@oracle.com>
The discard ioctl is used by mkfs utilities to clear a block device
prior to putting metadata down. However, not all devices return zeroed
blocks after a discard. Some drives return stale data, potentially
containing old superblocks. It is therefore important to know whether
discarded blocks are properly zeroed.
Both ATA and SCSI drives have configuration bits that indicate whether
zeroes are returned after a discard operation. Implement a block level
interface that allows this information to be bubbled up the stack and
queried via a new block device ioctl.
Signed-off-by: Martin K. Petersen <martin.petersen@oracle.com>
Signed-off-by: Jens Axboe <jens.axboe@oracle.com>
This reverts commit 3586e917f2.
Corrado Zoccolo <czoccolo@gmail.com> correctly points out, that we need
consistency of rb_key offset across groups. This means we cannot properly
use the per-service_tree service count. Revert this change.
Signed-off-by: Jens Axboe <jens.axboe@oracle.com>
Idling logic was disabled in some corner cases, leading to unfair share
for noidle queues.
* the idle timer was not armed if there were other requests in the
driver. unfortunately, those requests could come from other workloads,
or queues for which we don't enable idling. So we will check only
pending requests from the active queue
* rq_noidle check on no-idle queue could disable the end of tree idle if
the last completed request was rq_noidle. Now, we will disable that
idle only if all the queues served in the no-idle tree had rq_noidle
requests.
Reported-by: Vivek Goyal <vgoyal@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Corrado Zoccolo <czoccolo@gmail.com>
Acked-by: Vivek Goyal <vgoyal@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Jens Axboe <jens.axboe@oracle.com>
Seeky sync queues with large depth can gain unfairly big share of disk
time, at the expense of other seeky queues. This patch ensures that
idling will be enabled for queues with I/O depth at least 4, and small
think time. The decision to enable idling is sticky, until an idle
window times out without seeing a new request.
The reasoning behind the decision is that, if an application is using
large I/O depth, it is already optimized to make full utilization of
the hardware, and therefore we reserve a slice of exclusive use for it.
Reported-by: Vivek Goyal <vgoyal@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Corrado Zoccolo <czoccolo@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Jens Axboe <jens.axboe@oracle.com>
An incoming no-idle queue should preempt the active no-idle queue
only if the active queue is idling due to service tree empty.
Previous code was buggy in two ways:
* it relied on service_tree field to be set on the active queue, while
it is not set when the code is idling for a new request
* it didn't check for the service tree empty condition, so could lead to
LIFO behaviour if multiple queues with depth > 1 were preempting each
other on an non-NCQ device.
Reported-by: Vivek Goyal <vgoyal@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Corrado Zoccolo <czoccolo@gmail.com>
Acked-by: Vivek Goyal <vgoyal@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Jens Axboe <jens.axboe@oracle.com>
