README: convert it to ReST markup
Adjust the readme file for it to use the ReST markup: - add chapter/section markups; - use ``foo`` for commands; - use :: for verbatim and script blocks; - replace unsupported markup _foo_ by **foo**; - add cross-references to other ReST files; - use lower case on the section titles, to match other ReST files. Signed-off-by: Mauro Carvalho Chehab <mchehab@s-opensource.com>
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Mauro Carvalho Chehab
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105
README
105
README
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@ -1,10 +1,12 @@
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Linux kernel release 4.x <http://kernel.org/>
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Linux kernel release 4.x <http://kernel.org/>
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=============================================
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These are the release notes for Linux version 4. Read them carefully,
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as they tell you what this is all about, explain how to install the
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kernel, and what to do if something goes wrong.
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WHAT IS LINUX?
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What is Linux?
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--------------
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Linux is a clone of the operating system Unix, written from scratch by
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Linus Torvalds with assistance from a loosely-knit team of hackers across
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@ -18,7 +20,8 @@ WHAT IS LINUX?
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It is distributed under the GNU General Public License - see the
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accompanying COPYING file for more details.
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ON WHAT HARDWARE DOES IT RUN?
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On what hardware does it run?
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-----------------------------
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Although originally developed first for 32-bit x86-based PCs (386 or higher),
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today Linux also runs on (at least) the Compaq Alpha AXP, Sun SPARC and
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@ -34,7 +37,8 @@ ON WHAT HARDWARE DOES IT RUN?
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Linux has also been ported to itself. You can now run the kernel as a
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userspace application - this is called UserMode Linux (UML).
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DOCUMENTATION:
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Documentation
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-------------
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- There is a lot of documentation available both in electronic form on
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the Internet and in books, both Linux-specific and pertaining to
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@ -53,14 +57,15 @@ DOCUMENTATION:
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- The Documentation/DocBook/ subdirectory contains several guides for
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kernel developers and users. These guides can be rendered in a
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number of formats: PostScript (.ps), PDF, HTML, & man-pages, among others.
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After installation, "make psdocs", "make pdfdocs", "make htmldocs",
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or "make mandocs" will render the documentation in the requested format.
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After installation, ``make psdocs``, ``make pdfdocs``, ``make htmldocs``,
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or ``make mandocs`` will render the documentation in the requested format.
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INSTALLING the kernel source:
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Installing the kernel source
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----------------------------
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- If you install the full sources, put the kernel tarball in a
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directory where you have permissions (e.g. your home directory) and
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unpack it:
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unpack it::
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xz -cd linux-4.X.tar.xz | tar xvf -
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@ -74,12 +79,12 @@ INSTALLING the kernel source:
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- You can also upgrade between 4.x releases by patching. Patches are
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distributed in the xz format. To install by patching, get all the
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newer patch files, enter the top level directory of the kernel source
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(linux-4.X) and execute:
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(linux-4.X) and execute::
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xz -cd ../patch-4.x.xz | patch -p1
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Replace "x" for all versions bigger than the version "X" of your current
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source tree, _in_order_, and you should be ok. You may want to remove
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source tree, **in_order**, and you should be ok. You may want to remove
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the backup files (some-file-name~ or some-file-name.orig), and make sure
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that there are no failed patches (some-file-name# or some-file-name.rej).
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If there are, either you or I have made a mistake.
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@ -90,12 +95,12 @@ INSTALLING the kernel source:
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and you want to apply the 4.0.3 patch, you must not first apply the 4.0.1
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and 4.0.2 patches. Similarly, if you are running kernel version 4.0.2 and
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want to jump to 4.0.3, you must first reverse the 4.0.2 patch (that is,
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patch -R) _before_ applying the 4.0.3 patch. You can read more on this in
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Documentation/applying-patches.txt
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patch -R) **before** applying the 4.0.3 patch. You can read more on this in
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:ref:`Documentation/applying-patches.txt <applying_patches>`.
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Alternatively, the script patch-kernel can be used to automate this
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process. It determines the current kernel version and applies any
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patches found.
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patches found::
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linux/scripts/patch-kernel linux
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@ -103,55 +108,58 @@ INSTALLING the kernel source:
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kernel source. Patches are applied from the current directory, but
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an alternative directory can be specified as the second argument.
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- Make sure you have no stale .o files and dependencies lying around:
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- Make sure you have no stale .o files and dependencies lying around::
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cd linux
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make mrproper
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You should now have the sources correctly installed.
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SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS
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Software requirements
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---------------------
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Compiling and running the 4.x kernels requires up-to-date
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versions of various software packages. Consult
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Documentation/Changes for the minimum version numbers required
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and how to get updates for these packages. Beware that using
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:ref:`Documentation/Changes <changes>` for the minimum version numbers
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required and how to get updates for these packages. Beware that using
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excessively old versions of these packages can cause indirect
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errors that are very difficult to track down, so don't assume that
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you can just update packages when obvious problems arise during
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build or operation.
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BUILD directory for the kernel:
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Build directory for the kernel
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------------------------------
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When compiling the kernel, all output files will per default be
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stored together with the kernel source code.
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Using the option "make O=output/dir" allows you to specify an alternate
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Using the option ``make O=output/dir`` allows you to specify an alternate
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place for the output files (including .config).
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Example:
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Example::
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kernel source code: /usr/src/linux-4.X
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build directory: /home/name/build/kernel
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To configure and build the kernel, use:
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To configure and build the kernel, use::
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cd /usr/src/linux-4.X
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make O=/home/name/build/kernel menuconfig
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make O=/home/name/build/kernel
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sudo make O=/home/name/build/kernel modules_install install
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Please note: If the 'O=output/dir' option is used, then it must be
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Please note: If the ``O=output/dir`` option is used, then it must be
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used for all invocations of make.
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CONFIGURING the kernel:
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Configuring the kernel
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----------------------
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Do not skip this step even if you are only upgrading one minor
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version. New configuration options are added in each release, and
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odd problems will turn up if the configuration files are not set up
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as expected. If you want to carry your existing configuration to a
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new version with minimal work, use "make oldconfig", which will
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new version with minimal work, use ``make oldconfig``, which will
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only ask you for the answers to new questions.
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- Alternative configuration commands are:
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- Alternative configuration commands are::
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"make config" Plain text interface.
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@ -223,7 +231,7 @@ CONFIGURING the kernel:
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You can find more information on using the Linux kernel config tools
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in Documentation/kbuild/kconfig.txt.
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- NOTES on "make config":
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- NOTES on ``make config``:
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- Having unnecessary drivers will make the kernel bigger, and can
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under some circumstances lead to problems: probing for a
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@ -242,22 +250,23 @@ CONFIGURING the kernel:
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should probably answer 'n' to the questions for "development",
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"experimental", or "debugging" features.
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COMPILING the kernel:
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Compiling the kernel
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--------------------
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- Make sure you have at least gcc 3.2 available.
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For more information, refer to Documentation/Changes.
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For more information, refer to :ref:`Documentation/Changes <changes>`.
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Please note that you can still run a.out user programs with this kernel.
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- Do a "make" to create a compressed kernel image. It is also
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possible to do "make install" if you have lilo installed to suit the
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- Do a ``make`` to create a compressed kernel image. It is also
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possible to do ``make install`` if you have lilo installed to suit the
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kernel makefiles, but you may want to check your particular lilo setup first.
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To do the actual install, you have to be root, but none of the normal
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build should require that. Don't take the name of root in vain.
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- If you configured any of the parts of the kernel as `modules', you
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will also have to do "make modules_install".
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- If you configured any of the parts of the kernel as ``modules``, you
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will also have to do ``make modules_install``.
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- Verbose kernel compile/build output:
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@ -265,12 +274,12 @@ COMPILING the kernel:
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totally silent). However, sometimes you or other kernel developers need
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to see compile, link, or other commands exactly as they are executed.
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For this, use "verbose" build mode. This is done by passing
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"V=1" to the "make" command, e.g.
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``V=1`` to the ``make`` command, e.g.::
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make V=1 all
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To have the build system also tell the reason for the rebuild of each
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target, use "V=2". The default is "V=0".
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target, use ``V=2``. The default is ``V=0``.
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- Keep a backup kernel handy in case something goes wrong. This is
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especially true for the development releases, since each new release
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backup of the modules corresponding to that kernel, as well. If you
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are installing a new kernel with the same version number as your
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working kernel, make a backup of your modules directory before you
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do a "make modules_install".
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do a ``make modules_install``.
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Alternatively, before compiling, use the kernel config option
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"LOCALVERSION" to append a unique suffix to the regular kernel version.
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@ -308,13 +317,14 @@ COMPILING the kernel:
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reboot, and enjoy!
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If you ever need to change the default root device, video mode,
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ramdisk size, etc. in the kernel image, use the 'rdev' program (or
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ramdisk size, etc. in the kernel image, use the ``rdev`` program (or
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alternatively the LILO boot options when appropriate). No need to
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recompile the kernel to change these parameters.
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- Reboot with the new kernel and enjoy.
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IF SOMETHING GOES WRONG:
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If something goes wrong
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-----------------------
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- If you have problems that seem to be due to kernel bugs, please check
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the file MAINTAINERS to see if there is a particular person associated
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@ -328,7 +338,7 @@ IF SOMETHING GOES WRONG:
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sense). If the problem is new, tell me so, and if the problem is
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old, please try to tell me when you first noticed it.
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- If the bug results in a message like
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- If the bug results in a message like::
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unable to handle kernel paging request at address C0000010
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Oops: 0002
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@ -348,7 +358,7 @@ IF SOMETHING GOES WRONG:
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on making sense of the dump is in Documentation/oops-tracing.txt
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- If you compiled the kernel with CONFIG_KALLSYMS you can send the dump
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as is, otherwise you will have to use the "ksymoops" program to make
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as is, otherwise you will have to use the ``ksymoops`` program to make
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sense of the dump (but compiling with CONFIG_KALLSYMS is usually preferred).
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This utility can be downloaded from
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ftp://ftp.<country>.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/kernel/ksymoops/ .
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look up what the EIP value means. The hex value as such doesn't help
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me or anybody else very much: it will depend on your particular
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kernel setup. What you should do is take the hex value from the EIP
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line (ignore the "0010:"), and look it up in the kernel namelist to
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line (ignore the ``0010:``), and look it up in the kernel namelist to
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see which kernel function contains the offending address.
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To find out the kernel function name, you'll need to find the system
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binary associated with the kernel that exhibited the symptom. This is
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the file 'linux/vmlinux'. To extract the namelist and match it against
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the EIP from the kernel crash, do:
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the EIP from the kernel crash, do::
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nm vmlinux | sort | less
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If you for some reason cannot do the above (you have a pre-compiled
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kernel image or similar), telling me as much about your setup as
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possible will help. Please read the REPORTING-BUGS document for details.
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possible will help. Please read the :ref:`REPORTING-BUGS <reportingbugs>`
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document for details.
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- Alternatively, you can use gdb on a running kernel. (read-only; i.e. you
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cannot change values or set break points.) To do this, first compile the
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kernel with -g; edit arch/x86/Makefile appropriately, then do a "make
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clean". You'll also need to enable CONFIG_PROC_FS (via "make config").
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kernel with -g; edit arch/x86/Makefile appropriately, then do a ``make
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clean``. You'll also need to enable CONFIG_PROC_FS (via ``make config``).
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After you've rebooted with the new kernel, do "gdb vmlinux /proc/kcore".
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After you've rebooted with the new kernel, do ``gdb vmlinux /proc/kcore``.
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You can now use all the usual gdb commands. The command to look up the
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point where your system crashed is "l *0xXXXXXXXX". (Replace the XXXes
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point where your system crashed is ``l *0xXXXXXXXX``. (Replace the XXXes
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with the EIP value.)
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gdb'ing a non-running kernel currently fails because gdb (wrongly)
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gdb'ing a non-running kernel currently fails because ``gdb`` (wrongly)
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disregards the starting offset for which the kernel is compiled.
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