Blk-crypto delegates crypto operations to inline encryption hardware
when available. The separately configurable blk-crypto-fallback contains
a software fallback to the kernel crypto API - when enabled, blk-crypto
will use this fallback for en/decryption when inline encryption hardware
is not available.
This lets upper layers not have to worry about whether or not the
underlying device has support for inline encryption before deciding to
specify an encryption context for a bio. It also allows for testing
without actual inline encryption hardware - in particular, it makes it
possible to test the inline encryption code in ext4 and f2fs simply by
running xfstests with the inlinecrypt mount option, which in turn allows
for things like the regular upstream regression testing of ext4 to cover
the inline encryption code paths.
For more details, refer to Documentation/block/inline-encryption.rst.
Signed-off-by: Satya Tangirala <satyat@google.com>
Reviewed-by: Eric Biggers <ebiggers@google.com>
Signed-off-by: Jens Axboe <axboe@kernel.dk>
We must have some way of letting a storage device driver know what
encryption context it should use for en/decrypting a request. However,
it's the upper layers (like the filesystem/fscrypt) that know about and
manages encryption contexts. As such, when the upper layer submits a bio
to the block layer, and this bio eventually reaches a device driver with
support for inline encryption, the device driver will need to have been
told the encryption context for that bio.
We want to communicate the encryption context from the upper layer to the
storage device along with the bio, when the bio is submitted to the block
layer. To do this, we add a struct bio_crypt_ctx to struct bio, which can
represent an encryption context (note that we can't use the bi_private
field in struct bio to do this because that field does not function to pass
information across layers in the storage stack). We also introduce various
functions to manipulate the bio_crypt_ctx and make the bio/request merging
logic aware of the bio_crypt_ctx.
We also make changes to blk-mq to make it handle bios with encryption
contexts. blk-mq can merge many bios into the same request. These bios need
to have contiguous data unit numbers (the necessary changes to blk-merge
are also made to ensure this) - as such, it suffices to keep the data unit
number of just the first bio, since that's all a storage driver needs to
infer the data unit number to use for each data block in each bio in a
request. blk-mq keeps track of the encryption context to be used for all
the bios in a request with the request's rq_crypt_ctx. When the first bio
is added to an empty request, blk-mq will program the encryption context
of that bio into the request_queue's keyslot manager, and store the
returned keyslot in the request's rq_crypt_ctx. All the functions to
operate on encryption contexts are in blk-crypto.c.
Upper layers only need to call bio_crypt_set_ctx with the encryption key,
algorithm and data_unit_num; they don't have to worry about getting a
keyslot for each encryption context, as blk-mq/blk-crypto handles that.
Blk-crypto also makes it possible for request-based layered devices like
dm-rq to make use of inline encryption hardware by cloning the
rq_crypt_ctx and programming a keyslot in the new request_queue when
necessary.
Note that any user of the block layer can submit bios with an
encryption context, such as filesystems, device-mapper targets, etc.
Signed-off-by: Satya Tangirala <satyat@google.com>
Reviewed-by: Eric Biggers <ebiggers@google.com>
Reviewed-by: Christoph Hellwig <hch@lst.de>
Signed-off-by: Jens Axboe <axboe@kernel.dk>
Inline Encryption hardware allows software to specify an encryption context
(an encryption key, crypto algorithm, data unit num, data unit size) along
with a data transfer request to a storage device, and the inline encryption
hardware will use that context to en/decrypt the data. The inline
encryption hardware is part of the storage device, and it conceptually sits
on the data path between system memory and the storage device.
Inline Encryption hardware implementations often function around the
concept of "keyslots". These implementations often have a limited number
of "keyslots", each of which can hold a key (we say that a key can be
"programmed" into a keyslot). Requests made to the storage device may have
a keyslot and a data unit number associated with them, and the inline
encryption hardware will en/decrypt the data in the requests using the key
programmed into that associated keyslot and the data unit number specified
with the request.
As keyslots are limited, and programming keys may be expensive in many
implementations, and multiple requests may use exactly the same encryption
contexts, we introduce a Keyslot Manager to efficiently manage keyslots.
We also introduce a blk_crypto_key, which will represent the key that's
programmed into keyslots managed by keyslot managers. The keyslot manager
also functions as the interface that upper layers will use to program keys
into inline encryption hardware. For more information on the Keyslot
Manager, refer to documentation found in block/keyslot-manager.c and
linux/keyslot-manager.h.
Co-developed-by: Eric Biggers <ebiggers@google.com>
Signed-off-by: Eric Biggers <ebiggers@google.com>
Signed-off-by: Satya Tangirala <satyat@google.com>
Reviewed-by: Eric Biggers <ebiggers@google.com>
Reviewed-by: Christoph Hellwig <hch@lst.de>
Signed-off-by: Jens Axboe <axboe@kernel.dk>
Merge block/partition-generic.c and block/partitions/check.c into
a single block/partitions/core.c as the content is closely related
and both files are tiny.
Signed-off-by: Christoph Hellwig <hch@lst.de>
Signed-off-by: Jens Axboe <axboe@kernel.dk>
This series is slightly unusual because it includes Arnd's compat
ioctl tree here:
1c46a2cf2d Merge tag 'block-ioctl-cleanup-5.6' into 5.6/scsi-queue
Excluding Arnd's changes, this is mostly an update of the usual
drivers: megaraid_sas, mpt3sas, qla2xxx, ufs, lpfc, hisi_sas. There
are a couple of core and base updates around error propagation and
atomicity in the attribute container base we use for the SCSI
transport classes. The rest is minor changes and updates.
Signed-off-by: James E.J. Bottomley <jejb@linux.ibm.com>
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Merge tag 'scsi-misc' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/jejb/scsi
Pull SCSI updates from James Bottomley:
"This series is slightly unusual because it includes Arnd's compat
ioctl tree here:
1c46a2cf2d Merge tag 'block-ioctl-cleanup-5.6' into 5.6/scsi-queue
Excluding Arnd's changes, this is mostly an update of the usual
drivers: megaraid_sas, mpt3sas, qla2xxx, ufs, lpfc, hisi_sas.
There are a couple of core and base updates around error propagation
and atomicity in the attribute container base we use for the SCSI
transport classes.
The rest is minor changes and updates"
* tag 'scsi-misc' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/jejb/scsi: (149 commits)
scsi: hisi_sas: Rename hisi_sas_cq.pci_irq_mask
scsi: hisi_sas: Add prints for v3 hw interrupt converge and automatic affinity
scsi: hisi_sas: Modify the file permissions of trigger_dump to write only
scsi: hisi_sas: Replace magic number when handle channel interrupt
scsi: hisi_sas: replace spin_lock_irqsave/spin_unlock_restore with spin_lock/spin_unlock
scsi: hisi_sas: use threaded irq to process CQ interrupts
scsi: ufs: Use UFS device indicated maximum LU number
scsi: ufs: Add max_lu_supported in struct ufs_dev_info
scsi: ufs: Delete is_init_prefetch from struct ufs_hba
scsi: ufs: Inline two functions into their callers
scsi: ufs: Move ufshcd_get_max_pwr_mode() to ufshcd_device_params_init()
scsi: ufs: Split ufshcd_probe_hba() based on its called flow
scsi: ufs: Delete struct ufs_dev_desc
scsi: ufs: Fix ufshcd_probe_hba() reture value in case ufshcd_scsi_add_wlus() fails
scsi: ufs-mediatek: enable low-power mode for hibern8 state
scsi: ufs: export some functions for vendor usage
scsi: ufs-mediatek: add dbg_register_dump implementation
scsi: qla2xxx: Fix a NULL pointer dereference in an error path
scsi: qla1280: Make checking for 64bit support consistent
scsi: megaraid_sas: Update driver version to 07.713.01.00-rc1
...
Currently t10-pi can only be built into the block layer which via
crc-t10dif pulls in a whole chunk of the Crypto API. In fact all
users of t10-pi work as modules and there is no reason for it to
always be built-in.
This patch adds a new hidden option for t10-pi that is selected
automatically based on BLK_DEV_INTEGRITY and whether the users
of t10-pi are built-in or not.
Signed-off-by: Herbert Xu <herbert@gondor.apana.org.au>
Signed-off-by: Jens Axboe <axboe@kernel.dk>
Having both in the same file allows a number of simplifications
to the compat path, and makes it more likely that changes to
the native path get applied to the compat version as well.
Reviewed-by: Ben Hutchings <ben.hutchings@codethink.co.uk>
Signed-off-by: Arnd Bergmann <arnd@arndb.de>
blkg_rwstat is now only used by bfq-iosched and blk-throtl when on
cgroup1. Let's move it into its own files and gate it behind a config
option.
Signed-off-by: Tejun Heo <tj@kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Jens Axboe <axboe@kernel.dk>
This patchset implements IO cost model based work-conserving
proportional controller.
While io.latency provides the capability to comprehensively prioritize
and protect IOs depending on the cgroups, its protection is binary -
the lowest latency target cgroup which is suffering is protected at
the cost of all others. In many use cases including stacking multiple
workload containers in a single system, it's necessary to distribute
IO capacity with better granularity.
One challenge of controlling IO resources is the lack of trivially
observable cost metric. The most common metrics - bandwidth and iops
- can be off by orders of magnitude depending on the device type and
IO pattern. However, the cost isn't a complete mystery. Given
several key attributes, we can make fairly reliable predictions on how
expensive a given stream of IOs would be, at least compared to other
IO patterns.
The function which determines the cost of a given IO is the IO cost
model for the device. This controller distributes IO capacity based
on the costs estimated by such model. The more accurate the cost
model the better but the controller adapts based on IO completion
latency and as long as the relative costs across differents IO
patterns are consistent and sensible, it'll adapt to the actual
performance of the device.
Currently, the only implemented cost model is a simple linear one with
a few sets of default parameters for different classes of device.
This covers most common devices reasonably well. All the
infrastructure to tune and add different cost models is already in
place and a later patch will also allow using bpf progs for cost
models.
Please see the top comment in blk-iocost.c and documentation for
more details.
v2: Rebased on top of RQ_ALLOC_TIME changes and folded in Rik's fix
for a divide-by-zero bug in current_hweight() triggered by zero
inuse_sum.
Signed-off-by: Tejun Heo <tj@kernel.org>
Cc: Andy Newell <newella@fb.com>
Cc: Josef Bacik <jbacik@fb.com>
Cc: Rik van Riel <riel@surriel.com>
Signed-off-by: Jens Axboe <axboe@kernel.dk>
Retain the deadline documentation, as that carries over to mq-deadline
as well.
Tested-by: Ming Lei <ming.lei@redhat.com>
Reviewed-by: Omar Sandoval <osandov@fb.com>
Signed-off-by: Jens Axboe <axboe@kernel.dk>
It's now unused, kill it.
Reviewed-by: Hannes Reinecke <hare@suse.com>
Tested-by: Ming Lei <ming.lei@redhat.com>
Reviewed-by: Omar Sandoval <osandov@fb.com>
Signed-off-by: Jens Axboe <axboe@kernel.dk>
Move the code for runtime power management from blk-core.c into the
new source file blk-pm.c. Move the corresponding declarations from
<linux/blkdev.h> into <linux/blk-pm.h>. For CONFIG_PM=n, leave out
the declarations of the functions that are not used in that mode.
This patch not only reduces the number of #ifdefs in the block layer
core code but also reduces the size of header file <linux/blkdev.h>
and hence should help to reduce the build time of the Linux kernel
if CONFIG_PM is not defined.
Signed-off-by: Bart Van Assche <bvanassche@acm.org>
Reviewed-by: Ming Lei <ming.lei@redhat.com>
Reviewed-by: Christoph Hellwig <hch@lst.de>
Cc: Jianchao Wang <jianchao.w.wang@oracle.com>
Cc: Hannes Reinecke <hare@suse.com>
Cc: Johannes Thumshirn <jthumshirn@suse.de>
Cc: Alan Stern <stern@rowland.harvard.edu>
Signed-off-by: Jens Axboe <axboe@kernel.dk>
Current IO controllers for the block layer are less than ideal for our
use case. The io.max controller is great at hard limiting, but it is
not work conserving. This patch introduces io.latency. You provide a
latency target for your group and we monitor the io in short windows to
make sure we are not exceeding those latency targets. This makes use of
the rq-qos infrastructure and works much like the wbt stuff. There are
a few differences from wbt
- It's bio based, so the latency covers the whole block layer in addition to
the actual io.
- We will throttle all IO types that comes in here if we need to.
- We use the mean latency over the 100ms window. This is because writes can
be particularly fast, which could give us a false sense of the impact of
other workloads on our protected workload.
- By default there's no throttling, we set the queue_depth to INT_MAX so that
we can have as many outstanding bio's as we're allowed to. Only at
throttle time do we pay attention to the actual queue depth.
- We backcharge cgroups for root cg issued IO and induce artificial
delays in order to deal with cases like metadata only or swap heavy
workloads.
In testing this has worked out relatively well. Protected workloads
will throttle noisy workloads down to 1 io at time if they are doing
normal IO on their own, or induce up to a 1 second delay per syscall if
they are doing a lot of root issued IO (metadata/swap IO).
Our testing has revolved mostly around our production web servers where
we have hhvm (the web server application) in a protected group and
everything else in another group. We see slightly higher requests per
second (RPS) on the test tier vs the control tier, and much more stable
RPS across all machines in the test tier vs the control tier.
Another test we run is a slow memory allocator in the unprotected group.
Before this would eventually push us into swap and cause the whole box
to die and not recover at all. With these patches we see slight RPS
drops (usually 10-15%) before the memory consumer is properly killed and
things recover within seconds.
Signed-off-by: Josef Bacik <jbacik@fb.com>
Acked-by: Tejun Heo <tj@kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Jens Axboe <axboe@kernel.dk>
blkcg-qos is going to do essentially what wbt does, only on a cgroup
basis. Break out the common code that will be shared between blkcg-qos
and wbt into blk-rq-qos.* so they can both utilize the same
infrastructure.
Signed-off-by: Josef Bacik <jbacik@fb.com>
Signed-off-by: Jens Axboe <axboe@kernel.dk>
Exclude zoned block device members from struct request_queue for
CONFIG_BLK_DEV_ZONED == n. Avoid breaking the build by only building
the code that uses these struct request_queue members if
CONFIG_BLK_DEV_ZONED != n.
Signed-off-by: Bart Van Assche <bart.vanassche@wdc.com>
Reviewed-by: Damien Le Moal <damien.lemoal@wdc.com>
Cc: Matias Bjorling <mb@lightnvm.io>
Cc: Christoph Hellwig <hch@lst.de>
Signed-off-by: Jens Axboe <axboe@kernel.dk>
Many source files in the tree are missing licensing information, which
makes it harder for compliance tools to determine the correct license.
By default all files without license information are under the default
license of the kernel, which is GPL version 2.
Update the files which contain no license information with the 'GPL-2.0'
SPDX license identifier. The SPDX identifier is a legally binding
shorthand, which can be used instead of the full boiler plate text.
This patch is based on work done by Thomas Gleixner and Kate Stewart and
Philippe Ombredanne.
How this work was done:
Patches were generated and checked against linux-4.14-rc6 for a subset of
the use cases:
- file had no licensing information it it.
- file was a */uapi/* one with no licensing information in it,
- file was a */uapi/* one with existing licensing information,
Further patches will be generated in subsequent months to fix up cases
where non-standard license headers were used, and references to license
had to be inferred by heuristics based on keywords.
The analysis to determine which SPDX License Identifier to be applied to
a file was done in a spreadsheet of side by side results from of the
output of two independent scanners (ScanCode & Windriver) producing SPDX
tag:value files created by Philippe Ombredanne. Philippe prepared the
base worksheet, and did an initial spot review of a few 1000 files.
The 4.13 kernel was the starting point of the analysis with 60,537 files
assessed. Kate Stewart did a file by file comparison of the scanner
results in the spreadsheet to determine which SPDX license identifier(s)
to be applied to the file. She confirmed any determination that was not
immediately clear with lawyers working with the Linux Foundation.
Criteria used to select files for SPDX license identifier tagging was:
- Files considered eligible had to be source code files.
- Make and config files were included as candidates if they contained >5
lines of source
- File already had some variant of a license header in it (even if <5
lines).
All documentation files were explicitly excluded.
The following heuristics were used to determine which SPDX license
identifiers to apply.
- when both scanners couldn't find any license traces, file was
considered to have no license information in it, and the top level
COPYING file license applied.
For non */uapi/* files that summary was:
SPDX license identifier # files
---------------------------------------------------|-------
GPL-2.0 11139
and resulted in the first patch in this series.
If that file was a */uapi/* path one, it was "GPL-2.0 WITH
Linux-syscall-note" otherwise it was "GPL-2.0". Results of that was:
SPDX license identifier # files
---------------------------------------------------|-------
GPL-2.0 WITH Linux-syscall-note 930
and resulted in the second patch in this series.
- if a file had some form of licensing information in it, and was one
of the */uapi/* ones, it was denoted with the Linux-syscall-note if
any GPL family license was found in the file or had no licensing in
it (per prior point). Results summary:
SPDX license identifier # files
---------------------------------------------------|------
GPL-2.0 WITH Linux-syscall-note 270
GPL-2.0+ WITH Linux-syscall-note 169
((GPL-2.0 WITH Linux-syscall-note) OR BSD-2-Clause) 21
((GPL-2.0 WITH Linux-syscall-note) OR BSD-3-Clause) 17
LGPL-2.1+ WITH Linux-syscall-note 15
GPL-1.0+ WITH Linux-syscall-note 14
((GPL-2.0+ WITH Linux-syscall-note) OR BSD-3-Clause) 5
LGPL-2.0+ WITH Linux-syscall-note 4
LGPL-2.1 WITH Linux-syscall-note 3
((GPL-2.0 WITH Linux-syscall-note) OR MIT) 3
((GPL-2.0 WITH Linux-syscall-note) AND MIT) 1
and that resulted in the third patch in this series.
- when the two scanners agreed on the detected license(s), that became
the concluded license(s).
- when there was disagreement between the two scanners (one detected a
license but the other didn't, or they both detected different
licenses) a manual inspection of the file occurred.
- In most cases a manual inspection of the information in the file
resulted in a clear resolution of the license that should apply (and
which scanner probably needed to revisit its heuristics).
- When it was not immediately clear, the license identifier was
confirmed with lawyers working with the Linux Foundation.
- If there was any question as to the appropriate license identifier,
the file was flagged for further research and to be revisited later
in time.
In total, over 70 hours of logged manual review was done on the
spreadsheet to determine the SPDX license identifiers to apply to the
source files by Kate, Philippe, Thomas and, in some cases, confirmation
by lawyers working with the Linux Foundation.
Kate also obtained a third independent scan of the 4.13 code base from
FOSSology, and compared selected files where the other two scanners
disagreed against that SPDX file, to see if there was new insights. The
Windriver scanner is based on an older version of FOSSology in part, so
they are related.
Thomas did random spot checks in about 500 files from the spreadsheets
for the uapi headers and agreed with SPDX license identifier in the
files he inspected. For the non-uapi files Thomas did random spot checks
in about 15000 files.
In initial set of patches against 4.14-rc6, 3 files were found to have
copy/paste license identifier errors, and have been fixed to reflect the
correct identifier.
Additionally Philippe spent 10 hours this week doing a detailed manual
inspection and review of the 12,461 patched files from the initial patch
version early this week with:
- a full scancode scan run, collecting the matched texts, detected
license ids and scores
- reviewing anything where there was a license detected (about 500+
files) to ensure that the applied SPDX license was correct
- reviewing anything where there was no detection but the patch license
was not GPL-2.0 WITH Linux-syscall-note to ensure that the applied
SPDX license was correct
This produced a worksheet with 20 files needing minor correction. This
worksheet was then exported into 3 different .csv files for the
different types of files to be modified.
These .csv files were then reviewed by Greg. Thomas wrote a script to
parse the csv files and add the proper SPDX tag to the file, in the
format that the file expected. This script was further refined by Greg
based on the output to detect more types of files automatically and to
distinguish between header and source .c files (which need different
comment types.) Finally Greg ran the script using the .csv files to
generate the patches.
Reviewed-by: Kate Stewart <kstewart@linuxfoundation.org>
Reviewed-by: Philippe Ombredanne <pombredanne@nexb.com>
Reviewed-by: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
Signed-off-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@linuxfoundation.org>
Like pci and virtio, we add a rdma helper for affinity
spreading. This achieves optimal mq affinity assignments
according to the underlying rdma device affinity maps.
Reviewed-by: Jens Axboe <axboe@fb.com>
Reviewed-by: Christoph Hellwig <hch@lst.de>
Reviewed-by: Max Gurtovoy <maxg@mellanox.com>
Signed-off-by: Sagi Grimberg <sagi@grimberg.me>
Signed-off-by: Doug Ledford <dledford@redhat.com>
The BFQ I/O scheduler features an optimal fair-queuing
(proportional-share) scheduling algorithm, enriched with several
mechanisms to boost throughput and reduce latency for interactive and
real-time applications. This makes BFQ a large and complex piece of
code. This commit addresses this issue by splitting BFQ into three
main, independent components, and by moving each component into a
separate source file:
1. Main algorithm: handles the interaction with the kernel, and
decides which requests to dispatch; it uses the following two further
components to achieve its goals.
2. Scheduling engine (Hierarchical B-WF2Q+ scheduling algorithm):
computes the schedule, using weights and budgets provided by the above
component.
3. cgroups support: handles group operations (creation, destruction,
move, ...).
Signed-off-by: Paolo Valente <paolo.valente@linaro.org>
Signed-off-by: Jens Axboe <axboe@fb.com>
We tag as v0 the version of BFQ containing only BFQ's engine plus
hierarchical support. BFQ's engine is introduced by this commit, while
hierarchical support is added by next commit. We use the v0 tag to
distinguish this minimal version of BFQ from the versions containing
also the features and the improvements added by next commits. BFQ-v0
coincides with the version of BFQ submitted a few years ago [1], apart
from the introduction of preemption, described below.
BFQ is a proportional-share I/O scheduler, whose general structure,
plus a lot of code, are borrowed from CFQ.
- Each process doing I/O on a device is associated with a weight and a
(bfq_)queue.
- BFQ grants exclusive access to the device, for a while, to one queue
(process) at a time, and implements this service model by
associating every queue with a budget, measured in number of
sectors.
- After a queue is granted access to the device, the budget of the
queue is decremented, on each request dispatch, by the size of the
request.
- The in-service queue is expired, i.e., its service is suspended,
only if one of the following events occurs: 1) the queue finishes
its budget, 2) the queue empties, 3) a "budget timeout" fires.
- The budget timeout prevents processes doing random I/O from
holding the device for too long and dramatically reducing
throughput.
- Actually, as in CFQ, a queue associated with a process issuing
sync requests may not be expired immediately when it empties. In
contrast, BFQ may idle the device for a short time interval,
giving the process the chance to go on being served if it issues
a new request in time. Device idling typically boosts the
throughput on rotational devices, if processes do synchronous
and sequential I/O. In addition, under BFQ, device idling is
also instrumental in guaranteeing the desired throughput
fraction to processes issuing sync requests (see [2] for
details).
- With respect to idling for service guarantees, if several
processes are competing for the device at the same time, but
all processes (and groups, after the following commit) have
the same weight, then BFQ guarantees the expected throughput
distribution without ever idling the device. Throughput is
thus as high as possible in this common scenario.
- Queues are scheduled according to a variant of WF2Q+, named
B-WF2Q+, and implemented using an augmented rb-tree to preserve an
O(log N) overall complexity. See [2] for more details. B-WF2Q+ is
also ready for hierarchical scheduling. However, for a cleaner
logical breakdown, the code that enables and completes
hierarchical support is provided in the next commit, which focuses
exactly on this feature.
- B-WF2Q+ guarantees a tight deviation with respect to an ideal,
perfectly fair, and smooth service. In particular, B-WF2Q+
guarantees that each queue receives a fraction of the device
throughput proportional to its weight, even if the throughput
fluctuates, and regardless of: the device parameters, the current
workload and the budgets assigned to the queue.
- The last, budget-independence, property (although probably
counterintuitive in the first place) is definitely beneficial, for
the following reasons:
- First, with any proportional-share scheduler, the maximum
deviation with respect to an ideal service is proportional to
the maximum budget (slice) assigned to queues. As a consequence,
BFQ can keep this deviation tight not only because of the
accurate service of B-WF2Q+, but also because BFQ *does not*
need to assign a larger budget to a queue to let the queue
receive a higher fraction of the device throughput.
- Second, BFQ is free to choose, for every process (queue), the
budget that best fits the needs of the process, or best
leverages the I/O pattern of the process. In particular, BFQ
updates queue budgets with a simple feedback-loop algorithm that
allows a high throughput to be achieved, while still providing
tight latency guarantees to time-sensitive applications. When
the in-service queue expires, this algorithm computes the next
budget of the queue so as to:
- Let large budgets be eventually assigned to the queues
associated with I/O-bound applications performing sequential
I/O: in fact, the longer these applications are served once
got access to the device, the higher the throughput is.
- Let small budgets be eventually assigned to the queues
associated with time-sensitive applications (which typically
perform sporadic and short I/O), because, the smaller the
budget assigned to a queue waiting for service is, the sooner
B-WF2Q+ will serve that queue (Subsec 3.3 in [2]).
- Weights can be assigned to processes only indirectly, through I/O
priorities, and according to the relation:
weight = 10 * (IOPRIO_BE_NR - ioprio).
The next patch provides, instead, a cgroups interface through which
weights can be assigned explicitly.
- If several processes are competing for the device at the same time,
but all processes and groups have the same weight, then BFQ
guarantees the expected throughput distribution without ever idling
the device. It uses preemption instead. Throughput is then much
higher in this common scenario.
- ioprio classes are served in strict priority order, i.e.,
lower-priority queues are not served as long as there are
higher-priority queues. Among queues in the same class, the
bandwidth is distributed in proportion to the weight of each
queue. A very thin extra bandwidth is however guaranteed to the Idle
class, to prevent it from starving.
- If the strict_guarantees parameter is set (default: unset), then BFQ
- always performs idling when the in-service queue becomes empty;
- forces the device to serve one I/O request at a time, by
dispatching a new request only if there is no outstanding
request.
In the presence of differentiated weights or I/O-request sizes,
both the above conditions are needed to guarantee that every
queue receives its allotted share of the bandwidth (see
Documentation/block/bfq-iosched.txt for more details). Setting
strict_guarantees may evidently affect throughput.
[1] https://lkml.org/lkml/2008/4/1/234https://lkml.org/lkml/2008/11/11/148
[2] P. Valente and M. Andreolini, "Improving Application
Responsiveness with the BFQ Disk I/O Scheduler", Proceedings of
the 5th Annual International Systems and Storage Conference
(SYSTOR '12), June 2012.
Slightly extended version:
http://algogroup.unimore.it/people/paolo/disk_sched/bfq-v1-suite-
results.pdf
Signed-off-by: Fabio Checconi <fchecconi@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Paolo Valente <paolo.valente@linaro.org>
Signed-off-by: Arianna Avanzini <avanzini.arianna@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Jens Axboe <axboe@fb.com>
The Kyber I/O scheduler is an I/O scheduler for fast devices designed to
scale to multiple queues. Users configure only two knobs, the target
read and synchronous write latencies, and the scheduler tunes itself to
achieve that latency goal.
The implementation is based on "tokens", built on top of the scalable
bitmap library. Tokens serve as a mechanism for limiting requests. There
are two tiers of tokens: queueing tokens and dispatch tokens.
A queueing token is required to allocate a request. In fact, these
tokens are actually the blk-mq internal scheduler tags, but the
scheduler manages the allocation directly in order to implement its
policy.
Dispatch tokens are device-wide and split up into two scheduling
domains: reads vs. writes. Each hardware queue dispatches batches
round-robin between the scheduling domains as long as tokens are
available for that domain.
These tokens can be used as the mechanism to enable various policies.
The policy Kyber uses is inspired by active queue management techniques
for network routing, similar to blk-wbt. The scheduler monitors
latencies and scales the number of dispatch tokens accordingly. Queueing
tokens are used to prevent starvation of synchronous requests by
asynchronous requests.
Various extensions are possible, including better heuristics and ionice
support. The new scheduler isn't set as the default yet.
Signed-off-by: Omar Sandoval <osandov@fb.com>
Signed-off-by: Jens Axboe <axboe@fb.com>
Looks like a quiet cycle for vhost/virtio, just a couple of minor
tweaks. Most notable is automatic interrupt affinity for blk and scsi.
Hopefully other devices are not far behind.
Signed-off-by: Michael S. Tsirkin <mst@redhat.com>
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Merge tag 'for_linus' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/mst/vhost
Pull vhost updates from Michael Tsirkin:
"virtio, vhost: optimizations, fixes
Looks like a quiet cycle for vhost/virtio, just a couple of minor
tweaks. Most notable is automatic interrupt affinity for blk and scsi.
Hopefully other devices are not far behind"
* tag 'for_linus' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/mst/vhost:
virtio-console: avoid DMA from stack
vhost: introduce O(1) vq metadata cache
virtio_scsi: use virtio IRQ affinity
virtio_blk: use virtio IRQ affinity
blk-mq: provide a default queue mapping for virtio device
virtio: provide a method to get the IRQ affinity mask for a virtqueue
virtio: allow drivers to request IRQ affinity when creating VQs
virtio_pci: simplify MSI-X setup
virtio_pci: don't duplicate the msix_enable flag in struct pci_dev
virtio_pci: use shared interrupts for virtqueues
virtio_pci: remove struct virtio_pci_vq_info
vhost: try avoiding avail index access when getting descriptor
virtio_mmio: expose header to userspace
Similar to the PCI version, just calling into virtio instead.
Signed-off-by: Christoph Hellwig <hch@lst.de>
Signed-off-by: Michael S. Tsirkin <mst@redhat.com>
This patch implements the necessary logic to bring an Opal
enabled drive out of a factory-enabled into a working
Opal state.
This patch set also enables logic to save a password to
be replayed during a resume from suspend.
Signed-off-by: Scott Bauer <scott.bauer@intel.com>
Signed-off-by: Rafael Antognolli <Rafael.Antognolli@intel.com>
Reviewed-by: Christoph Hellwig <hch@lst.de>
Signed-off-by: Jens Axboe <axboe@fb.com>
We only need this code to support scsi, ide, cciss and virtio. And at
least for virtio it's a deprecated feature to start with.
This should shrink the kernel size for embedded device that only use,
say eMMC a bit.
Signed-off-by: Christoph Hellwig <hch@lst.de>
Signed-off-by: Jens Axboe <axboe@fb.com>
This fixes a couple of problems:
1. In the !CONFIG_DEBUG_FS case, the stub definitions were bogus.
2. In the !CONFIG_BLOCK case, blk-mq-debugfs.c shouldn't be compiled at
all.
Fix the stub definitions and add a CONFIG_BLK_DEBUG_FS Kconfig option.
Fixes: 07e4fead45 ("blk-mq: create debugfs directory tree")
Signed-off-by: Omar Sandoval <osandov@fb.com>
Augment Kconfig description.
Signed-off-by: Jens Axboe <axboe@fb.com>
In preparation for putting blk-mq debugging information in debugfs,
create a directory tree mirroring the one in sysfs:
# tree -d /sys/kernel/debug/block
/sys/kernel/debug/block
|-- nvme0n1
| `-- mq
| |-- 0
| | `-- cpu0
| |-- 1
| | `-- cpu1
| |-- 2
| | `-- cpu2
| `-- 3
| `-- cpu3
`-- vda
`-- mq
`-- 0
|-- cpu0
|-- cpu1
|-- cpu2
`-- cpu3
Also add the scaffolding for the actual files that will go in here,
either under the hardware queue or software queue directories.
Reviewed-by: Hannes Reinecke <hare@suse.com>
Signed-off-by: Omar Sandoval <osandov@fb.com>
Signed-off-by: Jens Axboe <axboe@fb.com>
This is basically identical to deadline-iosched, except it registers
as a MQ capable scheduler. This is still a single queue design.
Signed-off-by: Jens Axboe <axboe@fb.com>
Reviewed-by: Bart Van Assche <bart.vanassche@sandisk.com>
Reviewed-by: Omar Sandoval <osandov@fb.com>
This adds a set of hooks that intercepts the blk-mq path of
allocating/inserting/issuing/completing requests, allowing
us to develop a scheduler within that framework.
We reuse the existing elevator scheduler API on the registration
side, but augment that with the scheduler flagging support for
the blk-mq interfce, and with a separate set of ops hooks for MQ
devices.
We split driver and scheduler tags, so we can run the scheduling
independently of device queue depth.
Signed-off-by: Jens Axboe <axboe@fb.com>
Reviewed-by: Bart Van Assche <bart.vanassche@sandisk.com>
Reviewed-by: Omar Sandoval <osandov@fb.com>
We can hook this up to the block layer, to help throttle buffered
writes.
wbt registers a few trace points that can be used to track what is
happening in the system:
wbt_lat: 259:0: latency 2446318
wbt_stat: 259:0: rmean=2446318, rmin=2446318, rmax=2446318, rsamples=1,
wmean=518866, wmin=15522, wmax=5330353, wsamples=57
wbt_step: 259:0: step down: step=1, window=72727272, background=8, normal=16, max=32
This shows a sync issue event (wbt_lat) that exceeded it's time. wbt_stat
dumps the current read/write stats for that window, and wbt_step shows a
step down event where we now scale back writes. Each trace includes the
device, 259:0 in this case.
Signed-off-by: Jens Axboe <axboe@fb.com>
For legacy block, we simply track them in the request queue. For
blk-mq, we track them on a per-sw queue basis, which we can then
sum up through the hardware queues and finally to a per device
state.
The stats are tracked in, roughly, 0.1s interval windows.
Add sysfs files to display the stats.
The feature is off by default, to avoid any extra overhead. In-kernel
users of it can turn it on by setting QUEUE_FLAG_STATS in the queue
flags. We currently don't turn it on if someone just reads any of
the stats files, that is something we could add as well.
Signed-off-by: Jens Axboe <axboe@fb.com>
Implement zoned block device zone information reporting and reset.
Zone information are reported as struct blk_zone. This implementation
does not differentiate between host-aware and host-managed device
models and is valid for both. Two functions are provided:
blkdev_report_zones for discovering the zone configuration of a
zoned block device, and blkdev_reset_zones for resetting the write
pointer of sequential zones. The helper function blk_queue_zone_size
and bdev_zone_size are also provided for, as the name suggest,
obtaining the zone size (in 512B sectors) of the zones of the device.
Signed-off-by: Hannes Reinecke <hare@suse.de>
[Damien: * Removed the zone cache
* Implement report zones operation based on earlier proposal
by Shaun Tancheff <shaun.tancheff@seagate.com>]
Signed-off-by: Damien Le Moal <damien.lemoal@hgst.com>
Reviewed-by: Christoph Hellwig <hch@lst.de>
Reviewed-by: Martin K. Petersen <martin.petersen@oracle.com>
Reviewed-by: Shaun Tancheff <shaun.tancheff@seagate.com>
Tested-by: Shaun Tancheff <shaun.tancheff@seagate.com>
Signed-off-by: Jens Axboe <axboe@fb.com>
Pull blk-mq CPU hotplug update from Jens Axboe:
"This is the conversion of blk-mq to the new hotplug state machine"
* 'for-4.9/block-smp' of git://git.kernel.dk/linux-block:
blk-mq: fixup "Convert to new hotplug state machine"
blk-mq: Convert to new hotplug state machine
blk-mq/cpu-notif: Convert to new hotplug state machine
Replace the block-mq notifier list management with the multi instance
facility in the cpu hotplug state machine.
Signed-off-by: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
Cc: Peter Zijlstra <peterz@infradead.org>
Cc: linux-block@vger.kernel.org
Cc: rt@linutronix.de
Cc: Christoph Hellwing <hch@lst.de>
Signed-off-by: Jens Axboe <axboe@fb.com>
and building block/blk-mq-pci.o should depend on CONFIG_BLOCK
Fixes: 973c4e372c ("blk-mq: provide a default queue mapping for PCI device")
Signed-off-by: Stephen Rothwell <sfr@canb.auug.org.au>
Reviewed-by: Christoph Hellwig <hch@lst.de>
Signed-off-by: Jens Axboe <axboe@fb.com>
- Remove usage of ib_query_device and instead store attributes in
ib_device struct
- Move iopoll out of block and into lib, rename to irqpoll, and use
in several places in the rdma stack as our new completion queue
polling library mechanism. Update the other block drivers that
already used iopoll to use the new mechanism too.
- Replace the per-entry GID table locks with a single GID table lock
- IPoIB multicast cleanup
- Cleanups to the IB MR facility
- Add support for 64bit extended IB counters
- Fix for netlink oops while parsing RDMA nl messages
- RoCEv2 support for the core IB code
- mlx4 RoCEv2 support
- mlx5 RoCEv2 support
- Cross Channel support for mlx5
- Timestamp support for mlx5
- Atomic support for mlx5
- Raw QP support for mlx5
- MAINTAINERS update for mlx4/mlx5
- Misc ocrdma, qib, nes, usNIC, cxgb3, cxgb4, mlx4, mlx5 updates
- Add support for remote invalidate to the iSER driver (pushed through the
RDMA tree due to dependencies, acknowledged by nab)
- Update to NFSoRDMA (pushed through the RDMA tree due to dependencies,
acknowledged by Bruce)
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Merge tag 'for-linus' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/dledford/rdma
Pull rdma updates from Doug Ledford:
"Initial roundup of 4.5 merge window patches
- Remove usage of ib_query_device and instead store attributes in
ib_device struct
- Move iopoll out of block and into lib, rename to irqpoll, and use
in several places in the rdma stack as our new completion queue
polling library mechanism. Update the other block drivers that
already used iopoll to use the new mechanism too.
- Replace the per-entry GID table locks with a single GID table lock
- IPoIB multicast cleanup
- Cleanups to the IB MR facility
- Add support for 64bit extended IB counters
- Fix for netlink oops while parsing RDMA nl messages
- RoCEv2 support for the core IB code
- mlx4 RoCEv2 support
- mlx5 RoCEv2 support
- Cross Channel support for mlx5
- Timestamp support for mlx5
- Atomic support for mlx5
- Raw QP support for mlx5
- MAINTAINERS update for mlx4/mlx5
- Misc ocrdma, qib, nes, usNIC, cxgb3, cxgb4, mlx4, mlx5 updates
- Add support for remote invalidate to the iSER driver (pushed
through the RDMA tree due to dependencies, acknowledged by nab)
- Update to NFSoRDMA (pushed through the RDMA tree due to
dependencies, acknowledged by Bruce)"
* tag 'for-linus' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/dledford/rdma: (169 commits)
IB/mlx5: Unify CQ create flags check
IB/mlx5: Expose Raw Packet QP to user space consumers
{IB, net}/mlx5: Move the modify QP operation table to mlx5_ib
IB/mlx5: Support setting Ethernet priority for Raw Packet QPs
IB/mlx5: Add Raw Packet QP query functionality
IB/mlx5: Add create and destroy functionality for Raw Packet QP
IB/mlx5: Refactor mlx5_ib_qp to accommodate other QP types
IB/mlx5: Allocate a Transport Domain for each ucontext
net/mlx5_core: Warn on unsupported events of QP/RQ/SQ
net/mlx5_core: Add RQ and SQ event handling
net/mlx5_core: Export transport objects
IB/mlx5: Expose CQE version to user-space
IB/mlx5: Add CQE version 1 support to user QPs and SRQs
IB/mlx5: Fix data validation in mlx5_ib_alloc_ucontext
IB/sa: Fix netlink local service GFP crash
IB/srpt: Remove redundant wc array
IB/qib: Improve ipoib UD performance
IB/mlx4: Advertise RoCE v2 support
IB/mlx4: Create and use another QP1 for RoCEv2
IB/mlx4: Enable send of RoCE QP1 packets with IP/UDP headers
...
Take the core badblocks implementation from md, and make it generally
available. This follows the same style as kernel implementations of
linked lists, rb-trees etc, where you can have a structure that can be
embedded anywhere, and accessor functions to manipulate the data.
The only changes in this copy of the code are ones to generalize
function/variable names from md-specific ones. Also add init and free
functions.
Signed-off-by: Vishal Verma <vishal.l.verma@intel.com>
Signed-off-by: Dan Williams <dan.j.williams@intel.com>
The new name is irq_poll as iopoll is already taken. Better suggestions
welcome.
Signed-off-by: Christoph Hellwig <hch@lst.de>
Reviewed-by: Bart Van Assche <bart.vanassche@sandisk.com>
The T10 Protection Information format is also used by some devices that
do not go through the SCSI layer (virtual block devices, NVMe). Relocate
the relevant functions to a block layer library that can be used without
involving SCSI.
Signed-off-by: Martin K. Petersen <martin.petersen@oracle.com>
Reviewed-by: Christoph Hellwig <hch@lst.de>
Signed-off-by: Jens Axboe <axboe@fb.com>
Continue moving some of the block files that are scattered around.
bounce.c contains only code for bouncing the contents of a bio.
It's block proper code, not mm code.
Suggested-by: Ming Lei <tom.leiming@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Jens Axboe <axboe@fb.com>
They really belong in block/, especially now since it's not in
drivers/block/ anymore. Additionally, the get_maintainer script
gets it wrong when in fs/.
Suggested-by: Christoph Hellwig <hch@infradead.org>
Acked-by: Al Viro <viro@ZenIV.linux.org.uk>
Signed-off-by: Jens Axboe <axboe@fb.com>
Linux currently has two models for block devices:
- The classic request_fn based approach, where drivers use struct
request units for IO. The block layer provides various helper
functionalities to let drivers share code, things like tag
management, timeout handling, queueing, etc.
- The "stacked" approach, where a driver squeezes in between the
block layer and IO submitter. Since this bypasses the IO stack,
driver generally have to manage everything themselves.
With drivers being written for new high IOPS devices, the classic
request_fn based driver doesn't work well enough. The design dates
back to when both SMP and high IOPS was rare. It has problems with
scaling to bigger machines, and runs into scaling issues even on
smaller machines when you have IOPS in the hundreds of thousands
per device.
The stacked approach is then most often selected as the model
for the driver. But this means that everybody has to re-invent
everything, and along with that we get all the problems again
that the shared approach solved.
This commit introduces blk-mq, block multi queue support. The
design is centered around per-cpu queues for queueing IO, which
then funnel down into x number of hardware submission queues.
We might have a 1:1 mapping between the two, or it might be
an N:M mapping. That all depends on what the hardware supports.
blk-mq provides various helper functions, which include:
- Scalable support for request tagging. Most devices need to
be able to uniquely identify a request both in the driver and
to the hardware. The tagging uses per-cpu caches for freed
tags, to enable cache hot reuse.
- Timeout handling without tracking request on a per-device
basis. Basically the driver should be able to get a notification,
if a request happens to fail.
- Optional support for non 1:1 mappings between issue and
submission queues. blk-mq can redirect IO completions to the
desired location.
- Support for per-request payloads. Drivers almost always need
to associate a request structure with some driver private
command structure. Drivers can tell blk-mq this at init time,
and then any request handed to the driver will have the
required size of memory associated with it.
- Support for merging of IO, and plugging. The stacked model
gets neither of these. Even for high IOPS devices, merging
sequential IO reduces per-command overhead and thus
increases bandwidth.
For now, this is provided as a potential 3rd queueing model, with
the hope being that, as it matures, it can replace both the classic
and stacked model. That would get us back to having just 1 real
model for block devices, leaving the stacked approach to dm/md
devices (as it was originally intended).
Contributions in this patch from the following people:
Shaohua Li <shli@fusionio.com>
Alexander Gordeev <agordeev@redhat.com>
Christoph Hellwig <hch@infradead.org>
Mike Christie <michaelc@cs.wisc.edu>
Matias Bjorling <m@bjorling.me>
Jeff Moyer <jmoyer@redhat.com>
Acked-by: Christoph Hellwig <hch@lst.de>
Signed-off-by: Jens Axboe <axboe@kernel.dk>
Recently commit bab55417b1 ("block: support embedded device command
line partition") introduced CONFIG_CMDLINE_PARSER. However, that name
is too generic and sounds like it enables/disables generic kernel boot
arg processing, when it really is block specific.
Before this option becomes a part of a full/final release, add the BLK_
prefix to it so that it is clear in absence of any other context that it
is block specific.
In addition, fix up the following less critical items:
- help text was not really at all helpful.
- index file for Documentation was not updated
- add the new arg to Documentation/kernel-parameters.txt
- clarify wording in source comments
Signed-off-by: Paul Gortmaker <paul.gortmaker@windriver.com>
Cc: Jens Axboe <axboe@kernel.dk>
Cc: Cai Zhiyong <caizhiyong@huawei.com>
Cc: Wei Yongjun <yongjun_wei@trendmicro.com.cn>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Read block device partition table from command line. The partition used
for fixed block device (eMMC) embedded device. It is no MBR, save
storage space. Bootloader can be easily accessed by absolute address of
data on the block device. Users can easily change the partition.
This code reference MTD partition, source "drivers/mtd/cmdlinepart.c"
About the partition verbose reference
"Documentation/block/cmdline-partition.txt"
[akpm@linux-foundation.org: fix printk text]
[yongjun_wei@trendmicro.com.cn: fix error return code in parse_parts()]
Signed-off-by: Cai Zhiyong <caizhiyong@huawei.com>
Cc: Karel Zak <kzak@redhat.com>
Cc: "Wanglin (Albert)" <albert.wanglin@huawei.com>
Cc: Marius Groeger <mag@sysgo.de>
Cc: David Woodhouse <dwmw2@infradead.org>
Cc: Jens Axboe <axboe@kernel.dk>
Cc: Brian Norris <computersforpeace@gmail.com>
Cc: Artem Bityutskiy <dedekind@infradead.org>
Signed-off-by: Wei Yongjun <yongjun_wei@trendmicro.com.cn>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
This moves the FC classes bsg code to the block layer and
makes it a lib so that other classes like iscsi and SAS can use it.
It is helpful because working with the request queue, bios,
creating scatterlists, etc are a pain that the LLD does not
have to worry about with normal IOs and should not have to
worry about for bsg requests.
Signed-off-by: Mike Christie <michaelc@cs.wisc.edu>
Signed-off-by: Jens Axboe <jaxboe@fusionio.com>
* 'for-2.6.37/barrier' of git://git.kernel.dk/linux-2.6-block: (46 commits)
xen-blkfront: disable barrier/flush write support
Added blk-lib.c and blk-barrier.c was renamed to blk-flush.c
block: remove BLKDEV_IFL_WAIT
aic7xxx_old: removed unused 'req' variable
block: remove the BH_Eopnotsupp flag
block: remove the BLKDEV_IFL_BARRIER flag
block: remove the WRITE_BARRIER flag
swap: do not send discards as barriers
fat: do not send discards as barriers
ext4: do not send discards as barriers
jbd2: replace barriers with explicit flush / FUA usage
jbd2: Modify ASYNC_COMMIT code to not rely on queue draining on barrier
jbd: replace barriers with explicit flush / FUA usage
nilfs2: replace barriers with explicit flush / FUA usage
reiserfs: replace barriers with explicit flush / FUA usage
gfs2: replace barriers with explicit flush / FUA usage
btrfs: replace barriers with explicit flush / FUA usage
xfs: replace barriers with explicit flush / FUA usage
block: pass gfp_mask and flags to sb_issue_discard
dm: convey that all flushes are processed as empty
...
